The Nobel Prize Free Essays

The Nobel Prize is one of the most renowned honors that an individual can get. The historical backdrop of the Nobel Prize goes back to the 1901. Nobel, Alfred Bernhard is the originator of the Nobel Prize. We will compose a custom article test on The Nobel Prize or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Nobel, Alfred Bernhard was an innovator, scientist, designer, author, and an agent. He had no kids or spouse to will his fortune, so he chooses to build up an honor to respect individuals for their accomplishments in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace. Later in 1969 the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences will be included. This paper will talk about the procedure in picking a champ. I will likewise examine about a portion of the beneficiaries of the Noble prizes and where they get them. I will likewise talk about a portion of the dubious people also. The Nobel Prize is an exceptionally esteemed honor brimming with history, made to respect people for remarkable accomplishments in material science, science, medication, writing and harmony. Nobel, Alfred Bernhard is the author of the Noble Prize. He was conceived on October 21, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden. At 4 years old his folks move to Russia and sent him to private guides were he rapidly ace science and got conversant in English, French, German, and Russian, and Swedish. At 18 years old, he went through a year in Paris considering science. At that point he moved back to Russia to work at his father’s production line making military gear for the Crimean War. After the war his father’s manufacturing plant got bankrupt, this disaster lead the family to move back to their home in Sweden. There Alfred before long started exploring different avenues regarding explosives. In 1864, when Alfred was 29, his more youthful sibling Emil and four others were executed in an enormous blast in the family’s Swedish production line. Seriously troubled by the episode, Nobel set out to improve a more secure hazardous. In 1867, he protected a blend of nitroglycerin, what he named â€Å"Dynamite. † In 1888, Alfred’s sibling Ludvig kicked the bucket while in France. A French paper erroneously distributed Alfred’s tribute rather than Ludvig. The paper denounced Alfred for his creation of explosive. Incited by the occasion and frustrated with how he believed he may be recalled, Nobel put aside a greater part of his home to build up the Nobel Prizes to respect people for extraordinary accomplishments in material science, science, medication, writing and for their work in harmony. On December 10, 1896, in Sanremo, Italy Nobel dies at age 63. After assessments and endowments to people, Nobel gave 31,225,000 Swedish kronor (comparable to 250 million US dollars in 2008) to subsidize the prizes. On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel marked his last will in Paris. At the point when it was opened and perused after his demise, the will caused a great deal of discussion both in Sweden and globally, as Nobel had left quite a bit of his riches for the foundation of a prize. His family restricted the foundation of the Nobel Prize, and the prize awarders he named would not do what he had mentioned in his will. There was a lot of discussion about the lawfulness of Nobel’s will since it wasn’t composed by a lawyer, he made it himself and had four observers sign. The awarders held up till they knew the result of the authenticity of his Will. It took five years before the principal Nobel Prize could be granted in 1901. In this will Nobel’s relegate four diverse awarders organizations or Academy to pick qualified people. The first was the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for Physics and Chemistry. The second is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute for Physiology or Medicine. The third is the Swedish Academy for Literature. The latter was a panel of five people to be chosen by the Norwegian Parliament for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nobel’s greatest solicitation for this honor is that best up-and-comers wins paying little heed to their race. It is my express wish that in granting the prizes no thought whatever will be given to the nationality of the competitors, however that the most commendable will get the prize, regardless of whether he be a Scandinavian or not. † (Alfred Bernhard Nobel) This was essential to Nobel that the prize is granted to the individual or people that has help improved humanity . The Nobel Organizational Structure is included a few association and foundations, with their own assignments and purposes. The accompanying associations cooperate to complete the way toward financing to illuminating general society. The accompanying associations are the Nobel Foundation, Nobel Prize granting establishments, Nobel Foundation Rights Association, Nobel Media, Nobel Museum, and the Nobel Peace Center Foundation. The Nobel Foundation is accountable for financing the Nobel Prize, as per the desire of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prize Awarding Institutions has the undertaking of choosing the Nobel Laureates (somebody who has won a prize for their accomplishments), is completely constrained by the Nobel Prize granting establishments. These Nobel Prize granting establishments are notice prior in this paper. The Nobel Foundation Rights Association is accountable for illuminating people in general with respect to the Nobel Laureates and their accomplishments. The Nobel Foundation Rights Association was set up in 1999. This non-benefit affiliation has a general capacity as the manager for the accompanying units: Nobel Media oversees and creates media rights associated with the Nobel Prize, in the zones of TV and web creation, appropriation, distributing and occasions to contact a worldwide crowd. Nobel Museum shows a time of innovativeness through the Nobel Prize and the accomplishments of the Nobel Laureates. The Nobel Museum is situated in the Old Town in Stockholm, Sweden. At long last the Nobel Peace Center Foundation is an establishment planned for introducing the Nobel Peace Prize and crafted by the Nobel Peace Prize laureates. It is included five people chose by the Norwegian Parliament. The Nobel Peace Center is situated in Oslo, Norway. Every year toward the start of October the Nobel Laureates are report. At that point on 10 December which is the commemoration of Alfred Nobel’s demise, they get their prizes from the Swedish King. They get a Nobel confirmation, a decoration, and 10 million Swedish crowns (US $1. 6 million) per prize. All Nobel Prizes are granted in Stockholm, Sweden, with the exception of the Nobel Peace Prize, which is granted in Oslo, Norway. So how can one an individual get designated, all together for an individual to turn into a candidate they should be picked by one of the granting establishments or be assigned by a Nobel Laureates. The procedure for the candidate is extremely long. First they should get a letter from the granting organizations, they use convey around 3,000 letters to competitors in Sept. At that point the competitor must react back by February, the next year. At that point the granting establishment screens the competitors, and by the start of October the Nobel Prize Laureates are report. Furthermore, on December tenth of that year they get their Nobel Prize of their field. In 1901, the primary individual to get the Nobel Prize was Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen for the revelation of the X-beam. He was a â€Å"German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, delivered and recognized electromagnetic radiation in a frequency run today known as X-beams or Rontgen beams, an accomplishment that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Quite a while in 1901. Squire’s Fundamentals of Radiology) Along with Wilhelm Conrad there are numerous other incredible individuals that have gotten the Nobel Prize like Albert Einstein, for his numerous commitments to hypothetical material science, and particularly for his revelation of the law of the photoelectric impact (lights are molecule structure and not a wave). At that point there is President Theodore Roosevelt got the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905, for his endeavors in intervening the Russian-Japanese contest. In 1979, Mother Teresa was granted the Nobel Peace Prize for advancing world harmony and aiding the required. Mother Teresa merits Nobel’s Peace Prize since she advances harmony in the most key way, by her affirmation of the sacredness of human dignity†. (Leader of the World Bank, Robert MacNamara) Mother Teresa truly gets goodness individuals. There have been dubious Nobel Peace Prize granted to individuals in the past for instance in 2009, President Barack Obama, â€Å"for his uncommon endeavors to reinforce worldwide strategy and participation between peoples†(The Nobel Peace Prize 2009). The Past Peace Prize laureates were isolated, some colloquialism that President Obama merited the honor, and others saying he had not yet earned it. Because of the way that he was assigned just 11 days after he became president. Another questionable individual who is as of now a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize is Bradley Manning, the U. S. Armed force private accused of the greatest break of ordered data in U. S. history. As indicated by news sources PVT Manning explanation behind releasing the arranged data was to uncover the wrongs he found in records and recordings done by the Army in the Iraq war. He is at present in a military jail anticipating preliminary. The Nobel Prize is brimming with history of incredible people that have added to help humankind in the territories of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. I accept that Alfred Nobel would be pleased with the decency that has come out of the acknowledgment of the Nobel Prize. To advance harmony and well reasonable for humanity. To perceive man and ladies for their exceptional accomplishments to support humankind. Before this exploration paper I thought there was just a Nobel Prize for harmony just, however now I am increasingly educated about the entire procedure and history. Works Cited Novelline, Robert. Squire’s Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. fifth release. 1997. Schã ¼ck, H. et al. Nobel. The Man and His Prizes Edited by the Nobel Foundation â€Å"The Nobel Peace

Biography of Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr.

Life story of Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. (Jan. 15, 1929â€April 4, 1968) was the charming pioneer of the U.S. social liberties development during the 1950s and 1960s. He coordinated the year-long Montgomery transport blacklist, which pulled in investigation by a careful, isolated country, yet his initiative and the resultant Supreme Court administering against transport isolation brought him distinction. He framed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to arrange peaceful fights and conveyed over than 2,500 discourses tending to racial foul play, yet his life was stopped by a professional killer in 1968. Quick Facts: The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Known For: Leader of the U.S. social equality movementAlso Known As: Michael Lewis King Jr.Born: Jan. 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GeorgiaParents: Michael King Sr., Alberta WilliamsDied: April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TennesseeEducation: Crozer Theological Seminary, Boston UniversityPublished Works: Stride Toward Freedom, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?Awards and Honors: Nobel Peace PrizeSpouse: Coretta ScottChildren: Yolanda, Martin, Dexter, BerniceNotable Quote: I have a fantasy that my four little kids will one day live in a country where they won't be decided by the shade of their skin, yet by the substance of their character. Early Life Martin Luther King Jr. was conceived Jan. 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to Michael King Sr., minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta Williams, a Spelman College graduate and previous teacher. Ruler lived with his folks, a sister, and a sibling in the Victorian home of his maternal grandparents. Martin-named Michael Lewis until he was 5-flourished in a white collar class family, playing football and baseball, conveying papers, and doing random temp jobs. Their dad was engaged with the nearby part of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and had driven a fruitful battle for equivalent wages for white and dark Atlanta instructors. At the point when Martins granddad passed on in 1931, Martins father became minister of Ebenezer Baptist Church, serving for a long time. In the wake of going to the World Baptist Alliance in Berlin in 1934, King Sr. changed his and his children name from Michael King to Martin Luther King, after the Protestant reformist. Ruler Sr. was motivated by Martin Luthers mental fortitude of going up against regulated underhandedness. School Ruler entered Morehouse College at 15. He was dubious about following in the strides of the familys pastors, addressing religions importance in tending to isolation and neediness among his kin. Ruler defied an existence of administration to God, playing pool, drinking brew, and underachieving his initial two years at Morehouse. Ruler examined human science and considered graduate school while perusing insatiably. He was captivated by Henry David Thoreaus article On Civil Disobedience and its concept of noncooperation with an out of line framework. Lord concluded that social activism was his reason for living and religion the best way keeping that in mind. He was appointed as a clergyman in February 1948, the year he graduated with a human science qualification at age 19. Theological school In September 1948, King entered the predominately white Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania. He read works by incredible scholars yet lost hope that no way of thinking was finished inside itself. At that point, hearing a talk about Indian pioneer Mahatma Gandhi, he got dazzled by his idea of uninvolved opposition. Lord presumed that the Christian regulation of affection, working through peacefulness, could be an incredible weapon for his kin. In 1951, King graduated at the highest point of his group with a Bachelor of Divinity degree. In September of that year, he joined up with doctoral investigations at Boston Universitys School of Theology. Marriage While in Boston, King met Coretta Scott, an artist examining voice at the New England Conservatory of Music. Coretta dithered about dating a priest however was convinced when King said she had all the characteristics he wanted in a spouse. The couple wedded on June 18, 1953. Lords father played out the service at Corettas family home in Marion, Alabama. They came back to Boston to finish their degrees. Ruler was welcome to lecture in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, which had a background marked by social liberties activism. The minister was resigning. Ruler enraptured the gathering and turned into the minister in April 1954. Coretta was focused on her spouses work however was clashed about her job. Ruler needed her to remain at home with their four youngsters: Yolanda, Martin, Dexter, and Bernice. Montgomery Bus Boycott When King showed up in Montgomery to join the Dexter Avenue church, Rosa Parks, secretary of the neighborhood NAACP section, had been captured for declining to surrender her transport seat to a white man. Parks Dec. 1, 1955, capture introduced the ideal chance to put forth a defense for integrating the travel framework. E.D. Nixon, previous leader of the neighborhood NAACP section, and the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, a dear companion of King, reached King and other ministers to design a citywide transport blacklist. The gathering drafted requests and specified that no African-American would ride the transports on Dec 5. That day, almost 20,000 dark residents rejected transport rides. Since blacks involved 90 percent of the travelers, most transports were vacant. At the point when the blacklist finished 381 days after the fact, Montgomerys travel framework was about bankrupt. At that point on Dec. 20, 1956, the Supreme Court decided that authorizing isolation on open travel was unlawful. Floated by progress, the developments heads met in January 1957 in Atlanta and framed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to organize peaceful fights through dark holy places. Ruler was chosen president and held the post until his passing. In mid 1958, Kings first book, Stride Toward Freedom, was distributed. While marking books in Harlem, New York, King was wounded by an intellectually sick dark lady. As he recouped, he visited Indias Gandhi Peace Foundation in February 1959 to refine his dissent techniques. Birmingham In April 1963, King and the SCLC joined Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) in a peaceful battle to end isolation and power Birmingham, Alabama, organizations to employ blacks. Fire hoses and horrible pooches were released on the nonconformists by â€Å"Bull† Connors police officers. Lord was tossed into prison, where he composed Letter From a Birmingham Jail, confirming his serene way of thinking. The fierce pictures stirred the country. Cash poured in to help the dissidents; white supporters joined exhibitions. By summer, a huge number of open offices across the nation were coordinated, and organizations started to employ blacks. The subsequent political atmosphere pushed section of social equality enactment. On June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy drafted the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was marked into law by President Lyndon Johnson after Kennedys death. Walk on Washington At that point came the March on Washington, D.C., on Aug. 28, 1963. Almost 250,000 Americans tuned in to addresses by social liberties activists, yet most had wanted King. The Kennedy organization, dreading brutality, altered a discourse by John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and welcomed white associations to take an interest, making a few blacks slander the occasion. Malcolm X named it the â€Å"farce in Washington. Groups far surpassed desires. Speaker after speaker tended to them. The warmth became abusive, however then King held up. His discourse began gradually, however King prevented perusing from notes, either by motivation or gospel artist Mahalia Jackson yelling, â€Å"Tell em about the fantasy, Martin!† He had a fantasy, he announced, â€Å"that my four little youngsters will one day live in a country where they won't be decided by the shade of their skin, however by the substance of their character.† It was the most paramount discourse of his life. Nobel Prize Ruler, presently known around the world, was assigned Time magazines â€Å"Man of the Year† in 1963. He won the Nobel Peace Prize the next year, giving his $54,123 prize to progressing social liberties. Not every person was excited by Kings achievement. Since the transport blacklist, King had been under investigation by FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover. Wanting to demonstrate King was under socialist impact, Hoover recorded a solicitation with Attorney General Robert Kennedy to put him under observation, including break-ins at homes and workplaces and wiretaps. Neediness In the mid year of 1964, Kings peaceful idea was tested by destructive uproars in the North. Ruler accepted their roots were isolation and neediness and moved his concentration to destitution, however he couldnt accumulate support. He sorted out a battle against neediness in 1966 and moved his family into Chicagos dark ghetto, however he found that procedures effective in the south didnt work in Chicago. Blacks abandoned Kings quiet course to the extreme ideas of Malcolm X. Lord wouldn't yield, tending to what he thought about the unsafe way of thinking of Black Power in his last book, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? Lord looked to explain the connection among destitution and segregation and to address Americas expanded inclusion in Vietnam, which he thought about ridiculous and prejudicial toward poor people. Rulers last significant exertion, the Poor Peoples Campaign, was composed with other social equality gatherings to get devastated individuals to live tent camps on the National Mall beginning April 29, 1968. A days ago Prior that spring, King had gone to Memphis, Tennessee, to join a walk supporting a strike by dark sanitation laborers. After the walk started, riots broke out; 60 individuals were harmed and one individual was executed

Hurricane Katrina and the aftermath

Tropical storm Katrina and the fallout From 911 to Hurricane Katrina the United States government has utilized a significant number of its various assets to help with the repercussions. After each occasion that causes frenzy and decimation in the United States there is consistently somebody there to help tidy it up, from enormous organizations to the individuals simply needing to help. At the point when catastrophic events and tropical storms strike its takes us to long to get everything dealt with and there are an excessive number of misfortunes of life. Regardless of anything else, Its not satisfactory if the United States is genuinely prepared for another crisis. On August 25, 2005 damnation struck the southern conditions of the United States. Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Florida and parts of Alabama were taken over by the enormous class 5 storm. Tropical storm Katrina shaped over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005 and afterward crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 typhoon, slaughtering a few and causing flooding there before developing and reinforcing quickly in the Gulf of Mexico. The tempest debilitated before making its second landfall as a Category3 storm on the morning of Monday, August 29 in southeast Louisiana. It caused extreme devastation along the Gulf coast from focal Florida to Texas, a lot of it because of the tempest flood and afterward advanced towards New Orleans where the most harm was caused. As the moving toward storm beginning becoming more grounded the residents of New Orleans we advised to empty. Huge numbers of the residents did however some remained. A large number of the well off and white collar class residents, who had a spot to go and cash to help them left. The lower class residents who had no cash and no place to go, stayed and endured. As storm Katrina distraught land fall the obliteration began, the breezes and the downpour were destroying people groups homes got overflowed and families were caught within their home and were slaughtered. There were right around 2,000 passings from the Katrina, hunderds of thousands of individuals with out homes, water, or nourishment were left in the city to battle for their lives. The Super Dome assumed an immense job in the safe house for the individuals who required it most. Individuals fled from their perilous homes to discover a spot in the colossal secured football field. Numerous individuals where within the vault when the tempest struck, and many came to it after. While remaining in the arch you had what you carried with you, a cover and a cushion and your family. The restrooms were flooding and the air possessed an aroma like demise. Individuals were pushing and pushing to discover a spot to rest in the crowed unsanitary spot. If you somehow managed to stroll outside of the arch and around the bend you would see the groups of the people who didnt make it and who couldn't be gotten, a significant number of them had a bit of paper with them expressing the names of their relatives so that after it was all over they could be covered. Individuals abandoned nourishment and water for a long time, some were abandoned on their own homes. Vehicles were submerged alongside certain homes and structures, numerous individuals couldnt swim so that was the passing of them. The flooding originated from the breaking of the levees. For what reason did the levees break? That was the inquiry on everyones mind. The legislature ought to have had the levees in excellent condition, yet they didn't keep going long into the tempest. It is accepted that in light of the fact that the poor keeping up of the levees the vast majority of the things that went submerged and were wrecked and slaughtered is the administrations shortcoming. That is a sketchy explanation to make, however the breaking of the levees assumed a major job in the annihilation of New Orleans. As the tropical storm reached a conclusion numerous individuals acted the hero, the first on location were the neighborhood police and local groups of fire-fighters, yet they were not enormous enough to manage the horrible conditions. The Coast Guard showed up before long and numerous other little offices, the protect and tidy up started. As there various gatherings of individuals began it was confusion nobody realized where to try and start. There were individuals living out of the super arch who required assistance yet in addition the individuals stuck in their homes. As the hunt and salvage started so did the loss of life, house by house they number just went up. During the hour of Hurricane Katrina President George W. Shrub was in office. At the point when updates on what had occurred in southeast states he didn't jump on Air Force One and fly down to show his nation that he was there to help, he took off to another nation to work together. It took the President 12 days to advance down to New Orleans; he never set foot on the ground however. The president sat above the city from the solace of his plane. On April 27th 2011 an inclined F5 tornado assumed control over the town of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. President Obama was down there and supporting the endeavors inside three days. The help that the individuals of Alabama felt from their President was a lot more prominent then the appearance that Bush made noticeable all around. Government Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) turned out to be a piece of the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003. FEMA was set up to â€Å"support our residents and people on call for guarantee that as a country we cooperate to assemble, support, and improve our ability to get ready for, secure against, react to, recuperate from, and alleviate all hazards.† When FEMA was gotten some information about Hurricane Katrina and what it resembled down there they layed everything out on the table, they nor was any other person completely prepared to take on what had be done down there. They marked it a catastrophe and a debacle is the thing that everything was. â€Å"A fiasco, it strikes whenever, anyplace. It takes numerous structures a tropical storm, a seismic tremor, a tornado, a flood, a fire or a dangerous spill, a demonstration of nature or a demonstration of fear mongering. It works over days or weeks, or hits abruptly, all of a sudden. Consistently, a large number of Americans face fiasco, and its startling consequences.(FEMA)† On the off chance that another crisis was to occur in the United States again the administration would have a ton of work to do. At the point when FEMA was added to the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security they were believed to be the gathering that would have the option to deal with everything. They are separated of the administration she they ought to have enough cash to get ready. At the point we are in with the national obligation they cash stream to FEMA and the entirety of different organizations in exceptionally constrained. In the event that and when another crisis occurs there won't be sufficient to help feed the individuals and safe house them. Individuals living in peril zones ought to likewise have an arrangement for another crisis. For example, where they would go on the off chance that they expected to leave and additional cash would help as well. Neighborhood police and local groups of fire-fighters need all the more preparing and financing. Local people are the first to be there and they need to begin with the result and on the off chance that they are not set up for it, at that point everything begins to back off and individuals are stuck in places they won't make due in. New Orleans is as yet not a spotless spot, numerous individuals needed to move from that point since they were destitute and the United States government has done nothing to help revamp home for them. Brad Pitt is giving his time and cash to manufacture families homes And even the rapper Lil Wayne has given his cash to help remake his old neighborhood. Still no cash from the legislature to assist the individuals that need it the most. When taking a gander at the repercussions, all things considered, and seeing everything that was done and the things that were not done you can see some positive in it. The individuals of New Orleans have become more grounded and have gotten progressively mindful of the levees and the issues that accompany them. Nearby police and firemen have takes a shot at new preparing techniques. At the point when President Obama was inquired as to whether we were prepared to take on another crisis like Katrina he said â€Å"Yes, everybody commits errors, however you generally get the opportunity to gain from them.† When the tornado moved through Alabama you could see an improvement in the activities taken by the legislature. Everything happened so quick, there was an arrangement and that arrangement is still in real life, there are somethings that despite everything need work however the upgrades have been put forth with the planning and the recuperation attempts. Before doing this paper, I found the opportunity to watch When the Levees Broke. It was an enlightening film. Simply having the option to perceive what the individuals of New Orleans was experiencing was un genuine. Individuals lost the ones they cherished and their homes. As a United States resident I do accept that since some portion of New Orleans was a poor generally dark neighborhood that numerous individuals had no enthusiasm for what the individuals were experiencing. In any case, the primary concern about it is that out government is pending to a lot of its cash abroad dealing with catastrophes in different nations when our nation has still not recuperated from our own. Is the administration prepared to poor their cash and help into the following spot that needs it. Local people can indeed do a limited amount of much they need direction from the large men, we simply need the huge men to be there.

The Ultimate How to Write a Paper in College Trick

The Ultimate How to Write a Paper in College Trick Extremely affordable essay writing services can be your very first alert your paper is going to be written by somebody who's not worth your trust. All things considered, writing skill is more challenging than speaking. One of the most significant skills people start looking for is the capability to communicate effectively through writing. A feeling of confidence will overpower you, and you'll start to compose your paper accordingly. The Start of How to Write a Paper in College You will discover a few straightforward procedures to begin constructing your document. You may be able to find far more information from a different source. Such way of examining sources will be especially handy for my upcoming writing. Finding proper sources played an important role in the practice of composing. The format is straightforward and easy. Creating a structure or plan is excellent college info for virtually any task you encounter, not merely writing papers. You may require that you compose a great planning of text only back. When placing the order, you are going to have the possibility to select spacing. Nobody writes an ideal first draft. Then you can return and look specifically to see in the event that you just missed the response to the question, or in the event that you actually must go ask for an answer to the question. Should you have questions. Well, for those who have a complicated question that is. You have to convince your reader a movie may be an accurate portrayal of its decade, even in the event the setting was in a different period of time. It's crucial that you've got a particular point you would like to make about what type of person you're, what type of college student you'd make, or what the experience you're describing taught you. You should advise your kid to start far enough in advance in order that they'll have lots of time. Now you can obtain an important quantity of time to do anything you want, especially rest after a hard academic moment. The How to Write a Paper in College Stories Being assigned to compose an order an expert whom you may write term paper. The trick to writing your very first draft isn't to be concerned about whether it's any good just get something on paper and go from that point. One of the greatest moments is the one in which you understand that you wrote a fantastic paper and you don't need to be worried about it ever again. Reading examples of the kind of paper your professor expects you to write can be quite beneficial. As stated earlier here are a few sample outlines for research papers. Regrettably, it's not unusual for students to compose entire papers in the incorrect format. It's critical that you find out who is actually reading and grading your papers since they're the ones that you wish to impress. A research paper outline template is an easy tool to establish and to utilize. How to Write a Paper in College - Dead or Alive? Since there are various approaches to writing paper, you ought to know exactly which kind of essay you're predicted to write. The debut of your college essay lays the groundwork for the remainder of the essay. Now you know how to write a college essay, we've got a whole lot more specific resources for you to excel. The college essay may be the most frequently encountered sort of paper you'll write in the early portion of college. Next, you are going to determine how to make an intriguing essay that shows off your distinctive perspective and write many drafts to be able to hone your structure and language. After the work by means of your thesis statement is completed, begin to consider your essay organization. The next thing to do is to go through your thoughts and determine which one is going to result in the strongest essay. If, on the flip side, you have more than 1 idea you love, consider whether any of them may be used for different essays you have to write. The War Against How to Write a Paper in College After all, admissions officers are essentially just people who you wish to get to know you. Also, remember that numerous men and women, even teachers, might not be acquainted with what colleges search for in an essay. CCU students also have the extra bonus of being in a position to gain from CCU's Subject Guides. There are students around who enjoy visiting the library, and they're able to still do so.

Women Demand Democracy The American Civil War - 1157 Words

Kayla Mallari Professor Jessica Kim History 271 16 February 2015 Women Demand Democracy The American Civil War was fought for freedom. However, even after the war, the concept of freedom was not universally understood. Freedom remained limited for certain individuals depending on their race, gender, and different class systems. The war especially had a great impact on the country’s social and political aspects of the entire population, particularly women. Essentially, it gave women the momentum to fight for their rights. Years before the civil war, women and men had separate spheres. Men belonged in the public sphere, who went out and worked in shops, factories, or offices, while women were affiliated with the domestic sphere, emphasizing the up-keeping of their homes and families. Women were stripped of the many opportunities to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Throughout the 19th century, women initially advocated against slavery then began to escape the domestic sphere and fight for their rights as citizens. In both primary and secondary sources, the notion of women progressing for democracy is greatly demonstrated. During and after the American Civil War, women of the nation defend their equality by proclaiming citizenship as they fought for universal suffrage, advancement in public jobs, and justice in courts. One main issue that surfaced during Reconstruction was the rights of newly freed people. In Hannah Rosen’s secondary source, sheShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between the Political and Value Based Definitions of Democracy1318 Words   |  5 Pagesstates the difference between a democracy as a political definition and one as values. Democracy first begins its definition during the time of the Herodotus democracy. It has grown to become associated as a liberal democracy, although originally it is a form of ruling by the people. 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Sonnys Blue and Two Kinds Rebellion - 1915 Words

Kelvin Flores Eng 1B 02/20/2013 Ill take over Children are rebellious; it is part of childhood to rebel against parents or guardian. Through rebellion process, a child must go through challenge of their beliefs, enduring influences, acceptance and understanding. By analyzing characters from the stories about rebellion, I realize that one does not simply rebel to disappoint others; it is more of a misery than having an understanding of one another. In the story Sonnys Blue by James Baldwin, Sonny struggle to find what he truly is and what he wants to be, with the inevitable interference of his brothers logical approach on how he raise him. Sonny finds himself lock between his dreams and reality that sets him off to rebel†¦show more content†¦She did not consider the fact that she had a great potential if she tried harder, which her mother clearly see. Jing Mei felt bad in the end when she reminisce her memory of her mothers effort and disregard everything her mother did for her. Jing Mei realize what she did was not the right thing to do. After all she was just another child that is need to be understood just like Sonny. I also felt bad that I did not met my parents expectation to me. I graduate high school without putting all my effort, I know could have done better. I remember the time my parents keep bugging me to take the SAT they said they will going to pay for it until I passed or get a high score. But I took it once and did not do good because I did not tried to study at all. I did not know what was going on in my mind that time maybe because I was struggling to find what I really want to be with my life. My parents were really disappointed at me but they still encourage me to do the test over again. I did not re-take it, and it was the worse decision I ever had in my life so far. The reason why Sonny and Jing Mei rebelled is to let their feelings out by following their own beliefs. They resist influences that tries to make them a different person. To conclude the result of rebellion he or she must realize if they achieved their purpose. When Sonnys brother finally realize his fault of not understanding his brother, he saw all of Sonnys emotion throughShow MoreRelatedCharacter Development1325 Words   |  6 Pagesstory. She is an overprotective mother who only desires the best for her child. She stands for what she believes in until Jing Mei realizes the reasons. Jing Mei’s character, however, is thoroughly developed as she illustrates the struggles and rebellion of a child being under pressure of her mother’s wishes. At some point, Jing Mei faces her reflection and said â€Å"And then I saw what seemed to be the prodigy side of me – because I had never seen that face before. I looked at my reflection, blinkingRead MoreLove in Literature2486 Words   |  10 PagesLove in Literature We live in a complex world, where love and logic do not always exist cohesively, however, literature often brings these two elements together. Authors sometimes use the concept of love as a theme for their work, logically, and methodically using it as a tool in their writing. The different forms of love are often used by authors as a catalyst for positive character development. In this essay, works by different authors will be used to demonstrate some of the forms of love usedRead MoreEssay about Sonnys Heroic Journey in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues2971 Words   |  12 Pagesof Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin focuses on whether a person should be conventional in making decisions for their life, or if they should follow their heart and do what is right for them. A person begins with strengths, many of which they lose along the way. At some point along their heroic journey a person may regain their strengths and develop new ones. Each phase of this journey will have an effect on them an d others around them. According to his brother, who narrates Sonnys Blues, SonnyRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesare, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up

The Contribution of Marxism in Literary Criticism free essay sample

THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARXISM TO THE STUDY OF LITERARY CRITICISM It is evident that Marxism has made great contribution in the study and criticism of Literature, there is need to explain a little bit on Marxism before we discuss its contribution. Marxism is a social and political theory based on the works of Karl Marx and his followers, associated with the socialist and communist movements, these works mainly are Manifesto of the Communist Party and the German Ideology. It should be understood that Marx never formulated a complete literary or aesthetic theory, but he laid down the foundation to the emergence of Marxist literary critics, to mention only few ideas which we think are very important in the study and criticism of literature are: The history of any society is characterized by the history of the class and class struggle,that means oppressor and oppressed always are in constant opposition. The ruling class or those who own capital tends to perpetuate self interests and exploitation, with the help of ideological instruments and coercive instruments, all these make possible the maintenance of the status qua. Necessity of violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie for the sway of proletariat, this means that, proletariat can take power only through the use of force and not through peaceful means, therefore the oppressed people should get prepared for the revolution which need to be carried out by themselves. Law, morality and religion for Marx, are so many bourgeoisie prejudices behind which hark in ambush just as many bourgeoisie interests, therefore all these are should not be trusted at all,and once the working class takes an upper hand are to make sure all these are destroyed. Another idea is concerned with the role of ideology, as for him ideology is made of false consciousnesses and its role is to disguise the realities in the society. The ruling class control the means of production and superstructure, so the ideology is made to work on the ruling class’s interests. Consciousness, ideals, conceptions are produced by men depending on the material activity, intercourse, mode of production, and language of real life, of a single individual as well as the whole society, due to this Karl Marx argued that circumstance are made and can be changed by, also the nature of an individual is determined by material condition. After considering the basic ideas given by Karl Marx and hiss followers, it should be understood that Marxism is not one, but several branches of which attempts to understand the relations between the literary text and the social world, recognizing that Literature is a process and that the social world involves contexts of production and those of reception. Apart from that, all Marxists critiques agree on the fact that Literature should be analyses in n historical and materialist terms or in other words , as an integral part of a social structure resting on economic foundation. The following individuals are key figure on Marxism as a theory of literary criticism: Georg Lukas who ha contributed a lot on realism, Theodor Adorn o who came with the idea of culture industry, Pierre Macherey who has contributed on literature as one form of production and Walter Benjamin who explained the need to politicize art. Every individual here is Marxist with different position from the other,sometimes arguing against his fellow Marxist critic, and among the most significant issue which has led the divergence among the Marxist is realism, where by for example Lukas consider realism as the representation of social world exactly as it is but for Theodor Adorn o, although he agree that realism aim to reflect the social reality but is not the exact reality, therefore there is need to supplement the literary text as there is a lot of information left out by write, this is intentionally or unintentionally. The following are the contribution of Marxism on the study and and criticism of Literature: Emphasized the place of history in the study of Literature, as the Marxist critics argue that, history is the horizon within which Literature should be written and understood, up to now a novel, poem,or a play can only be best analyzed if the experiences of the people, their political and economic relations, and their social systems are all examined. Due to this emphasis, those who are considered as good writers tend to recast the historical record in an artistic way, without reducing a literary text into a history book, this has even made possible to trace the history of a particular society through the use of literary text, for example in Tanzania you can use a novel or a play to trace the history of Tanzania from pre colonial period to post independence era. This also can be seen through Ngugi’s novels whereby he begins from the history of his people as the starting point: from Kikuyu and Mum-bi, the Father and Mother of the tribe; the prophesies of ancient seers like Mugo wa Kibiro; the coming of European colonialists; the colonial encounter with Africans; the maumau struggle for independence and the post independence scene in Kenya Emergence of the view that, Literature should aim at a truthful reflection of reality, this means it must demonstrate both concrete and abstract potentialities of human being, the literary representation of this kind, implies a description of actual person’s inhabiting a palpable, identifiable world. This is put clearly by Lukas as he says .. Am interested in what is typical, in what one might call the ghostly aspect of reality .. ( pp. 112). For Lukas, great art is supposed to be a realistic art and which presents a social totality. Pierre Macherey also contributed to the discussion on the relations between the literary text and social reality (realism), for him literature reflects the social condition not exactly as it is, therefore in order to get the exact reality, there is need to uncover the significant absences in the texts, the ideological pressuppositions on which the text was at once founded but of which it could not speak. Literature is supposed to reflect the real situation of a society, simply because Literature is considered as a tool for social – political transformation, and for Marxist critics this is the most important aspect, that is why in the study and criticism of literature we find the aspect of change being much emphasized, for example Ngugi’s committiment to activism and need for change is seen through his novels like Devils on the Cross, Petals of Blood, and Matigiri, he calls upon the Kenyan masses to rise in a popular revolution and fight for their land and their rights, therefore the role of literature for the marxists is to cause change where change is due. This has influenced very much the belief that literature can enforce change in a particular society and this has made a writer to become an activist as the writer’s main goal is to heighten people’s feelings and desires to rise up and demand for radical change, this is put as follows by Marxist critics . Marxist agree that Literature is produced in material condition, that it reflects back upon those conditions and can help to change them ( pp. ) Due to this tendency, it has led the emergence of various literary works striving to bring social, cultural, economic and political change, for example in Sembene’s Gods Bit of Wood, he presents a massive strike of railway workersdemanding for their rights,better pay and improved working conditions, and this for marxists critics is supposed to be the main function of literature: to cause change where change is necessary. Furthermore, Marxism has contributed a lot on the understanding that literature reflects society’s superstructure, economic base and class relations, it is very important to define these terms, to start with uperstructure it means the institutions of the rulling class or those who wield power to govern, such institutions include the judiciary, the legislature, the exacutive, the military and the religious insti tution, in other hand the economic base is also often called the production relation or mode of production ,this is the process of production and the social and economic relations people engage in during the process of producing and sharing wealth between classes. This is explained by Philip and Patricia as they say the first question perhaps for each of Marxist critic is how does a literary work take its shape from society as whole, from its mode of production and being totally determined by its economic base or superstructure (pp . , this argument has helped to challenge the formalistic argument on art for arts sake, Marxists argue that there is nothing like objective literature as writer’s are bound to reflect their social class leaning on what they write, therefore a text can either reinforce the ideology of the superstructure, or challenge and expose it in order to promote the interest of the exploited and the oppressed. In addition to that, they contributed very much on the relationship between form and content, whereby they rejected the formalist emphasize on form alone and ignoring the importance of content, some Marxist literary critics have argued that in Literature the artistic content is the divisive element of the literary work as whole but also they appreciate the importance of form in making sure that the intended content is presented as it was aimed. Apart from this, they also argued that a form of a given work is not merely determined by content alone but there are other factors such as a style of a living class(writers class), the general level of the material culture of a given society, the influence of its neighbor, the inertia of the past or the striving of the innovation. , this view has led the domination of the notion that there should be the balance between the form and content as both of them are equally important. Georg Lukas goes beyond this kind of relationship between form and content, as he argues that content determine form, as he attempt to answer the question what determine the style of a given work of art, he says the intention of the work of art is very important in determining the form of a particular literary work. He put these in the following way . we are concerned here, of course with the intention realized in the work; it need not coincide with the writer’s intention ( pp. ) Due to the arguments given by Lukas, we find that style ceases to be a formalistic category rather is rooted in content, that is why we find a lot of literary works written on the perspective that content is very important than form, hence they little attention to the form, for example in Tanzania there are many literary works written during the time of Arusha Declaration, these works put much emphasis on the content rather than on form, hence no balance between the two elements, one example of such woks is Ngomoi’s novel Ndoto ya Ndaria , Senkoro’s novel Mzalendo. It should also be understood that , not all marxist critic follow Lukacs emphasis on content rather than on form, as there are number of marxist critics consider form also to be equally important as content. Another contribution made by Marxism is concerned with the relationship between Literature and ideology, it has been realized that Literature is a product of particular society or group, therefore it is not free from the ideological positions of the writer and the people , it is argued that ideology creates blind spots in people’s vision,also ideology is socially constructed with the aim to maintain the social relation, this is put clearly by Balibar and Macherey as they say Literature is one form of ideological states apparatus and its function is to reproduce the ideology within the french education system (pp. ) What does this mean to the writer, he or she should not propagate a dominant ideology for its own sake. Rather he or she should challenge certain ideologies that are considerable untenable, dangerous or misguiding for society. due to the existence of contradictory ideologies, there is no neutral literature, as each Literature is either of the oppressor or of oppress ed. Macherey says the objectivity of literary production, therefore is inseparable from social practices in a given ideological state apparatus. Furthermore Marxism provided a criterion on which the evaluation of a work of Literature is based, the basic criterion is that everything that aids the development and the victory of the proletariat is considered as good literary work and everything that harms or hinder the development of working class (oppressed) is considered not good, due to this perspective , there is a lot of literary works, written in favor of the development of the working class (oppressed) and are considered as good works as they address the social problems of a given society, for example a novel by Shafi Adam Shafi Vuta Nkuvute, portray a struggle between the ruling class and the oppressed , it addresses the social economic problems of the majority, this tendency has dominated the study and criticism of literature. Apart from that, Literature is produced in material condition, that it reflects back up on those conditions, and can help to change them, therefore it has helped the understanding that, Literature is not concerned with writer psychology but rather with the material condition of the society, therefore Marxist criticism recognize that consciousnesses and its products grow out of material condition, due to this ,Literature whatever its relation to ideology is never completely transcendent and nor may it ever achieve that degree of disinterestedness. Not only that but also has enabled the placement of a writer and a literary critic at a very significant position, as up to now they are considered as teachers of the society, a writer in Marxist perspective is supposed to be informed with the social conditions of his or her society, also a writer is supposed to suggest the ways towards overcoming the social and political problems,this means a writer is supposed to write for the people( majo rity) so as to change the existing situation which hinders the prosperity of the society, even for the case of a literary critic. Is also supposed to teach a writer, this is put clearly by lunacharsky as he says, in trying to teach the writer usefully, the Marxist critic must also teach the reader. The critic as a commentator as a person who warns of a poison which may taste sweet. ( pp. ) The last but not least is concerned with the acceleration towards the rise of other theories in literary criticism, such as Feminism, Black Aesthetics and Negritude,all these emerged as the reaction of class struggle where by one group in a society develop a feeling of being humiliated or oppressed by the other dominant group. Some of these theories emerged as a critic to Marxist literary criticism. After long discussion on the contribution of Marxism, it is very important in this section to discuss prominent individuals who have made significant ideas towards the study and criticism of literature, these figures are: Georg Lukas, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and Pierre Macherey. These people are discussed in the following order: Georg Lukas (1885-1971) He is the Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary critic and politician, Lukas was born in Budapest on April 15, 1885. From 1930- 1945 he lived in Moscow, editing the journal which was known as Literary criticism ( literaturnyi kritik) and writing books upholding the realism of 19th century against the modernism of his own time. Lukas works also represents one of the earliest attempts within Marxist criticism to address the problem of the relationship between form and content in developing a historical materialist account of literature, in 1930, Lukas started to develop a Marxist theory of the novel which would draw on Marxist critique of German idealist aesthetics. In his famous critique to the modernism, he argued that modernism was a formal reflection of bourgeoisie modernity in all its alienation, it also denies the role of history in literature, therefore he proposed realism literature to take the place of modernism literature, as for him great art is the one which is realistic and it must present a social totality. Theodor Adorno (1903- 1969) He is a German Marxist philosopher,sociologist and musicologist, in 1930 he become an associate of institute for social research of Frankfurt University, which spawned the Frankfurt School of which he went on to become a leading member, in this school they engaged in developing a critique of Western philosophy and providing analytic studies of contemporary culture. Adorno regarded the culture industry as potent force for holding the masses in a state of submissive ignorance and believed that only an avant- garde art which utterly repudiated realism might articulate any kind of oppositional position. Therefore it can be observed that Adorno do not concur with Lukas idea of rejecting modernism,but they concur on the importance of literary text to reflect the social reality. PIERRE MACHEREY He is a French Marxist critic, he contributed much on the idea that literature function is to reproduce the ideology, he also discussed the relationship between the literary text and social reality, to fulfill this he used the model which involved uncovering the significant absences in the texts, the ideological presuppositions on which the text was at once founded. he appreciate that Literature reflects the social reality, but for him this reality not is not the exact reality as he says .. literature can not be reduced to a straight mirroring, but it is true that the text does produce a reality- effect, more precisely it produces simultaneously a reality effect and a fiction effect (pp. , this for him Literary discourse institutes and projects the presence of the ‘real’ in the manner of an hallucination. Benjamin Walter (1892-1940) He is the German writer, Marxist theorist and aethetician. Benjamin was born in Berlin to a middle class Jewish family,he worked in Berlin a s a literary critic and translator. During the 1920s Benjamin developed Marxist learning, under the influence of the German Philosopher Ernst Bloch and the Marxist critic Georg Lukas. He wrote classic Marxist essays on aesthetics and literary topics, Benjamin argues that the rise of fascism and mass society are symptoms of a debased age in which art is merely a source of gratification to be consumed, but communism could politicize art and thus politicize the masses. All in all Marxism has contributed a lot on the study and criticism of literature, as it has made possible for literature to be considered as something very useful, especially on explaining the social conditions of a particular society and can be used to enforce change. REFERENCES Eagleton,T. (1997),Literary Theory:An Introduction,oxford:Blackwell Publisher Ltd Rice,P. And Patricia, W. (eds. ) (2001), Modern Literary Theory : A Reader,Easton Road-London: H odder Headline Group. Riv-kin, J. and Ryan, M. (1998),Introduction: â€Å"Formalism† In Riv-kin, J. and Ryan,M. (eds)Literary Theory: An Anthology,USA:Blackwell Publishers. Literary Criticism(2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online retried on11, November 2009

Causes of Environmental Problems Essay Example

Causes of Environmental Problems Paper The Earth is our home and where we live. But these years, more and more problems are coming to destroy our mother land, such as political factors, wars, and environmental problems. The environmental problems such as overpopulation, use of fossil fuels or nuclear energy and deforestation are getting more and more grim, and harmful to the earth. The air pollution and water pollution has obviously become two of the most serious problems in the world. Air pollution is the major problem in the world. In modern life, a retreat deal of energy is needed to run the the factories of industrial nations. Autos, trains, and planes, are modes of our daily transportation that also uses energy at the same time they burn fuels, produce wastes, and some of which remain in the air. Cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given Off by factories and causes air pollution. I read a piece of news recently. It said that in Japan, many businessmen are selling fresh air to customers, and now it is becoming more and more popular. Why? Fresh air is becoming less and less in Japan and around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Environmental Problems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Environmental Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Environmental Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Just like the air, water is also a source of life. Water pollution has also become a big problem in the world. People cant live without water. Some of our factories are polluting the waters. Rivers all over the world are becoming polluted with garbage and dangerous chemicals. Ships also contribute to the problem because they rely on rivers for disposing of wastes. Oil and other chemicals can kill fish and make water unsafe for drinking. Many fish are dying. More and more aquatic organisms are disappearing from the world. Some polluted waters are even hurting people. Also, trees on the hills have been cut down; so waste water is being poured continuously into rivers. In conclusion, air pollution and water pollution are become serious problems in the world. We should find a solution to these problems. I think the governments of all countries are supposed to formulate rules and regulations to deal with the pollution problems. The people should be more aware of the environmental problems and be more conscientious about caring for the environment. I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our lives will become better and better.

Climate and Migration Essays (907 words) - Droughts In Africa

Climate and Migration Essays (907 words) - Droughts In Africa Global Issues Writing Assignment # 2 Climate and Migration Since the Neolithic Revolution, with he shift to food production, societies have become more sedentary, and have depended on natural resources in order to settle communities. For example, communities started to emerge along rivers, lakes, and oceanic costs so that water could be used for crop irrigation, and to get resources, such as fish and salt. Nevertheless, nature is unpredictable, and when there is a climate change, sedentary communities are significantly affected. In West Africa, droughts have displaced people, and caused out-migration, affecting communities in different ways. The Sahel region, in the South of the Sahar desert, and North of the tropical zone, along the equator, is one of the unstable regions in the world, regarding climate change. Geographically, the Sahel region is critically located. Too many factors play a major role in this region, causing degradation of the land. First, there are global scale factors such as the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (Hagos There are several issues linked to climate change in the Sahel region. According to Africa Renewal magazine, the Sahel region faces many issues, from fragile economy to irregular rainfalls. Due to its location, the region is very susceptible to water shortage, and land degradation, problems often linked to anthropogenic climate change. For instance, this region faced a severe droughts through the 1970s and 1980s what triggered a large decline of the economy (Hagos As shown in the U.N. case study, a young man, who used to live in the Lake Chad region, was significantly affected by drought, and he had to move from the region, and find a new place to live. This basically illustrates how droughts are a major issue for the Sahel region, and how they are closely related to population. Certainly, it is possible to solve the problem that the region is facing. However, the issues are as complicated in local scale as they are in global scale. According to the article Responding to Climate Change, from NASA, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, involves changing the human culture of consumption, by reducing the greenhouse emission. This is in a global scale, but also, this is probably the viable solution for Sahel region weather. In fact, Hagos and Cook reported in their study that the recovery observed in Sahel during the 1990s was due to the change in SST anomalies; A little variation in temperature of the two oceans was the cause of that recovery. This way, this study shows that human will continue to depend upon weather conditions, which decreases the chances of humans changing the current situation in the Sahel region. Nevertheless, the fact that a long-term solution depends mostly upon nature forces does not mean that there is nothing to do regarding the Sahel region. As the U.N. case study showed, the region is poor and it impacts the local capability to cope with environmental issues such as droughts. It is important to understand that the major issue is not that the region is dry, but how people deal with droughts. Thus, it is notable that the main problem is poverty in the region, what limits local people solutions. According to Africa Renewal Magazine, in 2013, the

Nueva Yol Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nueva Yol - Movie Review Example A Dominican widower who visits the New York City in order to have a taste of a ‘paradise’ as most people had put it. However, when in New York, the so called paradise was not to be. The movie also points out a man, Balbuena who mortgages his house in order to get a visa, is ignored and also exploited. He cannot get any type of a job because of discrimination and exploitations from the natives. 2. At the cemetery, Balbuena meets with someone (Fellito) who turns to be a friend to him. Fellito was close to the kid and was someone like a guardian to him. Fellito had, therefore, attended the burial at the cemetery too. 3. Balbuena, in the struggle to search for a job, finally sets foot at consul’s house. However, the reception and how he treated was not all that good. Being mistaken by the drug dealers due to her everyday appearance at the same place was a big blow to him since he was mistaken for the wrong person. Balbuena could not find a job in New York City. The fact that he did not had a green card and the inability to speak English made it worse and added the burden of looking for a job (Stephen 96). His cousin was not of any help to him. People of the Dominican Republic were discriminated by the natives. Having met people of the same origin or people with the same problems, Balbuena and the rest decided to form a circle of all the friends. This comprised of the people with Dominican Republic citizen. 4. At the airport, Felli meets with Pedro and turns out to be another friend just like Balbuena. However, Balbuena was a special and important person to be with. His character and style of doing things made him is a person who could be trusted as a good friend. 5. Through the network of friends formed, Balbuena meets with Pedro, who was a bit stable in his life. Pedro is able to see how Balbuena suffered a lot in the hands of his cousin who instead of

The influence of user generated content on the hotels image by using Dissertation

The influence of user generated content on the hotels image by using travel search engines - Dissertation Example If you post ideas, comments, questions, data, graphs, opinions, creations, customizations, ID or other information (such as information on bulletin boards, discussion forums) (hereinafter referred to as "User Generated Content"), on the site, or if you send to any company this user-generated content via the site, it will become the property of that organization. As a standard, the user-generated content is assumed to be non-confidential and we have the right to use or disclose in any manner whatsoever, without representation or notice. The user-generated content or other information should not be offensive, pornographic, defamatory, profane, illegal or may violate applicable law, whether governed civil, criminal or religious. User-generated content (UGC) is to become a more important tool for travel marketers, as consumers rely more on independent advice. User-generated content is a delicate area for travel marketers, as there is a risk of negative reviews of destinations or hotels. However, the popularity of sites such as Trip Advisor has forced brands to rethink their strategies. With the advancement of contemporary hospitality industry user generated content has turn out to be one of the significant features and requirement in marketing mix and status management strategy of a hotel. While there are many benefits of UGC and it plays an important role in the marketing and the reputation of the business there are some important points that must be considered for User-generated content. As not all the information is accurate or credible hence user generated content can develop a negative impact on the business of hotels. In order to acquire immunity from these ramifications one must keep in the view that in User-generated content all the available content is not authentic and some reviewers may have some other reasons and motivations which might develop adverse effects on the business. A good approach when dealing with such critical situations and making the condition work for your gain is essential. Inaccuracies can take place if the chance presents itself you r reaction may make all the difference to how future readers read, understand and interpret the written message. Another important aspect that needs to be mentioned here is that excessive positive and appreciating remarks over a small time period or only positive remarks may raise doubt to the strength of the comments as this gives a feeling that the remarks are not original and added intentionally for the purpose of making good business. This is the fact that customers avoid hotels if they feel an hotelier has so many reviews that are same and positive. Some negative comments work intends to create a marketing balance, particularly if the response of hotelier gives you an idea about real concern and an effort to rectify or correct the situation. A readiness to get better and an interactive tone in the communication process is a good signal for most prospective customers. In the subsequent phases of our discussion we would be looking at the different ways in which the hospitality in dustry can have an impact upon small countries such as Dominican Republic in developing their tourism sector. Secondly, ways through which UGC has an impact upon consumer behavior will also be a part of the formulated research questions. UGC after the advent of Web 2.0 A recent survey shows that out of 78% of companies use electronic channels, web marketing and email for their marketing purposes (Witkowski, 2007).

Idioms in Bilingual Dictionaries Essay Example for Free

Idioms in Bilingual Dictionaries Essay A dictionary is a collection of words in one or more languages, and it reflects the vocabulary of a language. Its purpose is to provide information on the meaning of words, combinations with other words, sometimes also pronunciation and other aspects of a language. Dictionaries can be classified by many different aspects – for example, a dictionary can be monolingual, bilingual, bilingualised or even multilingual. If the dictionary is bilingual, it can be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Dictionaries can deal with general language, with special terms or specific area of a language and dictionaries vary for their purposes. Thus, dictionaries can also be classified according to their size. Usually the most popular dictionaries are monolingual and bilingual, and this essay aims at exploring the usage of multiword expressions, idioms in particular, in bilingual dictionaries. Burkhanov (1998) defines a bilingual dictionary as â€Å"a work of reference whose word list is organized in the following way: L1L2, which means that lemmata of one language usually referred to as an object of language, are explicated using another language – a target language† (Burkhanov, 1998: 29). Bilingual dictionaries have a longer history than monolingual, and their position is already well-established. Typically bilingual dictionaries are translation dictionaries, and at this point the treatment of idioms and other multiword expressions should be seriously considered. Bilingual dictionaries can be general or specialized, encyclopaedic or linguistic, alphabetical or thematic, diachronic or synchronic, in print or electronic format and they also vary according to various user groups and various sizes. Bilingual dictionaries can be divided according to their purpose – if your native language is the SL, then the dictionary is for encoding needs (also called an active dictionary), but if your native language is the TL, then the dictionary is for decoding needs (also called a passive dictionary). This active-passive parameter is â€Å"often equated with encoding vs decoding or productive vs receptive parameters† and â€Å"is used to classify bilingual dictionaries with respect to tasks for which they are employed by their users† (Podolej, 2009: 25). Dictionaries are organised in word entries or lexical items, and â€Å"a lexical item is any word, abbreviation, partial word, or phrase which can figure in a dictionary (often as the headword of an entry)† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 163). As the authors point out, â€Å"it is important to be aware of the various kinds of lexical item, as there are important differences in the way each is handled in the dictionary† (ibid. ). Lexical items are grouped as the single items and multiword expressions (ibid. ). Among multiword expressions there are classified fixed and semi-fixed phrases, phrasal idioms, compounds, phrasal verbs and support verb constructions, and the authors have raised a question of â€Å"which multiword items should be treated as ‘multiword expressions [ in our dictionaries? † (ibid. : 166). Multiword expressions, including idioms, constitute a very important part of the vocabulary and need to be included in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, but it is of particular importance to include them in bilingual learners’ dictionaries, since â€Å"language learners may not recognize them as significant units of meaning, cannot usually compose them, and will often have proble ms understanding them† (ibid. : 167). The authors have provided several types of multiword expressions, the first of them being fixed and semi-fixed phrases, for example, transparent collocations (to risk one’s life), fixed phrases (ham and eggs), similes (white as snow), catch phrases (horses of courses), proverbs (too many cooks), quotations (to be or not to be), greetings (good morning), and phatic phrases (have a nice day) (ibid. ). Other type are phrasal idioms that are â€Å"the most difficult [ ] to handle in lexicography† (ibid. : 168). The third type that the authors provide are compounds that â€Å"belong mainly to three word classes: nouns (the most frequent case, e. . , lame duck, civil servant), adjectives (e. g. , sky blue, stone deaf), and verbs (of which by far the most common are the phrasal verbs† (ibid. : 169). The fourth type is a phrasal verb – â€Å"a multiword expression consisting of a verb plus one or more particle(s)† that can â€Å"function either as an adver b (away, out) or as a preposition (with, to), or both (in, through)† (ibid. : 171). The fifth type is the support verb construction, of which the most frequent are make, take, have, give, and do (ibid. : 175). Other authors have made this classification in a more simple way – they argue that there are five types of multiword expressions distinguished, and they are idioms, collocations, phrasal verbs, compounds and support verb constructions (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 359). In order to distinguish between different multiword expressions, the difference between a collocation and an idiom must be stated. Cruse (1986) has argued that collocations are â€Å"sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur, but which are nonetheless fully transparent in the sense that each lexical constituent is also a semantic constituent† (Crude, 1986: 41). Idioms, on the contrary, are expressions â€Å"whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meaning of its parts† (ibid. : 37) and they are usually translated in bilingual dictionaries not with lexical, but semantic equivalents. According to Online Etymology Dictionary, the word â€Å"idiom† is derived from late Latin idioma, meaning â€Å"a peculiarity in language† and Greek idioma, â€Å"peculiarity, peculiar phraseology† (Online 1), but â€Å"with a passage of time this word has acquired quite different denotations† (Cruse, 1986. : 176). Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provides the following explanation for the word â€Å"idiom†: â€Å"a group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word† (Online 2). Oxford online dictionary provides quite similar explanation â€Å"a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words† (Online 3). One more interesting definition of an â€Å"idiom† is that it is â€Å"a meaning where the sum’s meaning is different from that of the parts† (Jones and West 1992, Johnson and Schlichting, 2004, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008:4). Dictionaries have existed for hundreds of years and they have been developed to meet practical needs of people. The language evolution throughout centuries has been â€Å"towards more idiomatic usage and more lexicalized combinations† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Idioms are â€Å"a unique part of the lexicon and have proved to be the most difficult part in vocabulary acquisition for both native learners ad foreign language learners† (ibid. ). Each language contains a large number of idioms, and consequently, â€Å"the treatment of idioms in dictionaries, particularly in bilingual dictionaries, has become an essential issue in dictionary compilation and research† (ibid. ). As the authors argue, idioms started to attract the focus of language researchers only quite recently, and a lot of work still has to be done in this field, â€Å"either from the position of compiling a dictionary of idioms or from the position of treating idioms as an essential part of the process of making a dictionary† (ibid. . Idioms â€Å"are not a separate part of the language which one can choose either to use or to omit† (Seidl and McMordie, 1978:1, quoted in Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Idioms form â€Å"an essential part of the general vocabulary of language, thus accounting for a large proportion of the dictionary text in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries should â€Å"decide where in the ordering of the entry should go compounds, phrasal verbs [ ] and other MWEs, if they are to be included within the entry of one of their component words† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M, 2008: 253). Usually they are considered as secondary headwords or they can be located in a separate section, entitled ‘Compounds’ or â€Å"Phrases’, but there is another option of giving them a separate entry distinct from any related entry (ibid. ). In general there are five most common options of handling the multiword expressions, including idioms, in dictionaries – there is a possibility to make each multiword expression as a headword; to make selected types of multiword expressions in their own right; to put all multiword expressions within the same entry, at the very end in separate blocks for each type; to put all multiword expressions within the same entry, within the ‘appropriate sense’ in separate blocks and there is an option of putting all multiword expressions within the same entry, within the ‘appropriate’ sense, but without differentiating the multiword expression type (ibid. : 254). However, according to Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. â€Å"the tendency nowadays is to avoid secondary headwords if possible, as embedding one entry (however reduced) within another simply makes it more difficult for the user to find anything† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 493). Idioms should be covered to some extent in general bilingual dictionaries, but usually they are found in subordinate parts of entries. When compiling a bilingual dictionary, the question of classification of idioms must be decided according to a key word in idiom. For example, the idioms pigheaded person and to eat like a pig could be found together under one entry word pig. In practice most of bilingual and monolingual dictionaries use this approach that seems the easiest way to decode a language. However, the second possibility involves â€Å"identifying the underlying function expressed and recording idioms under this category; for example, the previous two examples would be classified under the function to insult someone† (Akbarov, 2010: 137). Idioms do not co mply with other aspects of language that can be more easily explained â€Å"in terms of rules and semantic characteristics† (ibid. : 140). As idioms and other multiword expressions are quite hard to treat in dictionaries, the compilers of bilingual dictionaries have to be very careful towards this question because we all know how annoying it is to open a dictionary and fail to find a word that we were looking for. There is no dictionary that could include all words, and therefore lexicographers have to make decisions on selection of words in it, including idioms. Dictionaries are often regarded as a basic tool in the process of foreign language learning. Bilingual dictionaries have been the traditional lexical resource for learning a new language. Change is not something that dictionaries undertake very easily as their purpose and place is indisputably significant. Of course, modern dictionaries come in different formats – they can be monolingual, bilingual, paper or electronic dictionaries, but when it comes to defining the meaning and giving definitions or equivalents in other languages, the dictionary is the same. There are many problems the lexicographer has to deal with when compiling a bilingual dictionary and the main problem is the basic lack of equivalence which exists between different languages. According to Nida (1958: 279), the semantic problems that occur in compiling a bilingual dictionary are different from and also more complicated that those problems that occur in the compilation of a monolingual dictionary. The reason for that is the fact that monolingual dictionaries are compiled mostly for users who participate in and understand the culture being described, whereas bilingual dictionaries describe a culture that differs from that of the users. Baker and Kaplan (1994: 7, quoted in Gauton, 2008: 108) argue that â€Å"equivalence is nebulous in nature, and cannot be represented by way of neat translation equivalents†. The perfect translation in a bilingual dictionary where the SL word is translatable perfectly is very rare, and in the case of multiword expressions and idioms compilers have to be ready to face problems. As Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M argue, â€Å"the equivalence relationship between a pair of words, SL and TL, varies from exact to very approximate, from perfect to just-adequate† and the factors that play a role in evaluating SL-TL equivalence are the semantic content (single words and multiword expressions), collocational context (mainly single words), vocabulary type (single words and multiword expressions), message (of phrases, including idioms and sayings) and function (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M, 2008: 468). Thus, there no right and wrong about how to present the various types of multiword expressions (ibid. : 491). As Yong and Peng (2007) argue, â€Å"idioms are the evolutional product of national culture and social life† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 176), thus â€Å"they are conventionally lexicalized linguistic units and ‘ready-made utterances’† (Crystal,1985: 152, quoted in Yong and Peng, 2007: 176). â€Å"Structurally, the elements in idioms are usually bound together† and they â€Å"often do not permit the usual variability they display in other contexts† (ibid. ). Thus, â€Å"from the semantic point of view, idioms must be interpreted in connection with the historical and cultural contexts from which they emerged† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 176). Idioms are unified and the meaning cannot be guessed without knowing its â€Å"sociocultural context† even though the meaning of separate words is clear (ibid. ). However, â€Å"some idioms are historically traceable with translations in several languages† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008:5). The sociocultural context is of extreme importance in dealing with idioms in bilingual dictionaries as there are the so-called â€Å"culture-bound† words that denote objects or concepts peculiar to some particular SL culture (Gauton, 2008: 110). It means that for these culture-bound items there are no translational equivalents in the TL and in order to overcome this lack, lexicographers use the explanatory equivalent in their illustrative sentences (ibid. : 110-111). Mtuze (1990, quoted in Gauton, 2008: 111) illustrates that â€Å"cultural issues could create problems for lexicographers because they might not comprehend certain concepts foreign to their own culture†. As Fuste-Herrmann argues, â€Å"there are three major factors affecting idiom comprehension: semantic transparency, familiarity and context† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). The first one, the semantic transparency, deals with â€Å"the relative correspondence of an idiom’s literal and figurative meanings† (Nippold and Taylor 1995, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). There can be a transparent and an opaque idiom, â€Å"a transparent idiom’s meaning matches closely with the image conjured up by that idiom† and in contrast â€Å"an opaque idiom conjures up an image that is not helpful in interpretation† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). For example, the idiom a piece of cake could associate with some enjoyable task, whereas beat around the bush has nothing to do with its meaning (ibid. ). Therefore â€Å"the previous studies have concluded that transparent idioms are generally easier to decipher than opaque idioms† (Nippold and Taylor 1995, quoted in  Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). The transparency of idioms can be also discussed â€Å"in terms of their decomposition† (Glucksberg, 2001, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). Idioms that are decompositional â€Å"are able to be modified† – for example, â€Å"he broke the ice, she breaks the ice, after the ice was broken etc† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). Therefore â€Å"the noncompositional idioms cannot survive the same alterations† (ibid. ). In general â€Å"decompositional idioms are likened to transparent idioms, and less decompositional idioms are equated with opaque idioms† (ibid. ). The other factor is familiarity – â€Å"the frequency with which an idiom occurs in a language† (ibid. : 7). It is â€Å"relative and depends on such factors as geographical location, linguistic background [ ], culture and age† (Nippold and Rudinski 1991, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 7). The main idea is that the more frequently the idiom is used, it becomes more familiar (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 7). The third factor is context – â€Å"contextual cues are imperative for comprehension of unfamiliar idioms in either the written or oral modality, particularly if idioms are more opaque in nature† (Qualls et. al. , 2003, quoted in Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 8). According to Fuste-Herrmann, â€Å"in the last several decades many researchers have speculated about how idioms are interpreted† (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 8). The first hypotheses that she advances is the â€Å"Early Hypotheses† that implied the idea of idioms when encountered for the first time in spoken or written language, â€Å"the listener or reader tries to interpret the idiom literally†, thus, â€Å"when the literal meaning fails to make sense, the listener/reader hen accesses a mental idiom list, described as a sort of a mental idiom dictionary, in order to determine the figurative meaning† (Searle, 1979, quoted in Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 9). Swinney and Cutler (1979) have â€Å"challenged the existence of a mental idiom list† and also proposed that â€Å"the meaning of idioms were processed simultaneously as figurative and literal† and â€Å"the most appropriate interpretation wins† (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 9). Idioms are quite hard to acquire when learning a second language and it is considered that their arbitrary nature makes it difficult for learners to learn them, thus they are not easy to translate. Translating multiword expressions requires that they are not the exact word-to-word translation, but a translation of semantic equivalence should be offered. Traditionally idioms are perceived as rather fixed expressions that learners have difficulties with, but more and more modern dictionaries include idioms as well as other multiword expressions in their word lists that facilitate the language comprehension. As idioms can be found in either separate or sub-entries, sometimes it could be quite hard to find its location in a dictionary. For this purpose electronic dictionaries could be more useful than paper ones as it is more easy to locate the necessary idiom. Bilingual dictionaries are meant for learning a new language, and as idioms constitute a substantial part of any language, they should be treated properly and with care.

Music of the Romantic Period Essay -- Music Analysis

Ludwig van Beethoven, the famous German born composer and pianist, composed the Romance in F major in 1798. It was likely first performed in that year, but was not published until 1805 in Vienna. It was originally written for violin and orchestra but the edition being performed today was transcribed and edited for saxophone and piano by Peter Saiano. During this period of his life, Beethoven was still known as perhaps the greatest pianist in existence and he was busy touring Europe as a performer. He had not yet achieved the status he now holds as a composer, and during this period he was also working on his first set of string quartets. Romance in F major contains several technical passages for the saxophonist that include lengthy passages with difficult articulation. This piece also contains several altissimo notes that are above the standard range of the saxophone and are troublesome to even the most advanced saxophonist. The goal of the saxophonist in this piece is to imitate the sound of the violin as closely as possible because the saxophone was not yet invented in Beethoven's time. Joseph Kerman, et al. Beethoven, Ludwig van. In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40026pg4 (accessed February 6, 2011). Claude Debussy, a well known French composer, is perhaps the greatest composer of the late Romantic style of music emerging around the beginning of the twentieth century. Debussy is well known for bringing the impressionist style of painting into the realm of music and he was at first flattered with the comparison. He later became frustrated with the general public referring to the whole of his music as impressionistic. The circumstan... ...ntal music he had written for the play The Flying Doctor. The title of the piece comes from the name of the theater in which the play was originally performed. Milhaud showed some resentment toward Scaramouche because of its immense popularity in comparison to his other works. The piece remains a standard in the classical saxophonist's repertoire regardless. Works Cited Breitrose, Henry and Darius Milhaud. 1970. Conversation with Milhaud. Music Educators Journal 56, no. 7 (March). http://www.jstor.org/stable/3392748 (accessed February 6, 2011). Scaramouche. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev., edited by Michael Kennedy. In Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e9002 (accessed February 5, 2011). Wright, Craig, and Bryan Simms. 2006. Music in Western Civilization. Belmont: Thomson Schirmer.