Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical

Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian?ABSTRACT In his stress Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?, R. M. Hare tries to show that Kants honourable theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could fill been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hares scrap to the standard view because I find his reading on the consentaneous reasonable nice to lead to a consistent adaptation of Kants example philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hares reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hares interpretation of treating a mortal as an end as treating a persons ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of willing our maxim as a universal law and duties to oneself, which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldnt be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kants view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?, (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kants text, tries to show that Kants moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his dispute to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hares reading of Kants text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kants moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991.(3) T. Terada, op.cit. J. Murphy, Kant The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970.(4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971.(5) T. Terada, Universal formula of Right as the Supreme Principle of Kants practical(a) Philosophy, in Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995.(6) T. Terada, Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of Duties to Oneself in Kant), Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995 T. Nitta,Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity), in Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ronshu 35, 1986.(7) T. Terada, Universal Principle of Right as the Supreme Principle of Kants Practical Philosophy P. Guyer, Kants Morality of Law and Morality of license, in Dancy (ed.), op.cit.(8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973. Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian?ABSTRACT In his essay Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?, R. M. Hare tries to show that Kants moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hares challenge to the standard view becaus e I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kants moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hares reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hares interpretation of treating a person as an end as treating a persons ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of willing our maxim as a universal law and duties to oneself, which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldnt be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kants view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?, (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kants text, tries to show t hat Kants moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his challenge to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hares reading of Kants text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kants moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991.(3) T. Terada, op.cit. J. Murphy, Kant The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970.(4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971.(5) T. Terada, Universal Principle of Right as the Supreme Principle of Kants Practical Philosophy, in Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995.(6) T. Terada, Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of Duties to Oneself in Kant), Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995 T. Nitta,Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity), in Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ro nshu 35, 1986.(7) T. Terada, Universal Principle of Right as the Supreme Principle of Kants Practical Philosophy P. Guyer, Kants Morality of Law and Morality of Freedom, in Dancy (ed.), op.cit.(8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Power Of The Few Over The Many :: essays research papers

The Eleventh Commandment portrayed the state church as beingthe supreme dictator. It is through the eleventh politythat the church held its power and restrainer over the pack.Without the church and its leaders to guide the masses, theirsociety would have collapsed. However, compared to Brave NewWorld, the whole society is conditioned to " practice for everyoneelse"(Huxley 67) by the abuse and daily consumption of soma. Without the drug called soma, their society would have alsocollapsed due to withdrawal symptoms. The underlying realitybetween the two societies is that the masses are manipulated,controlled, and brainwashed, without resistance, to obey andfollow their leaders through various methods of enforcement.The Brave New World is controlled by a select few who callthemselves occupier Controllers and Directors. These elite feware able to control the production and selection process ofsocieties masses. Mustapha Mond, Resident Controller for WesternEurope, and the Dire ctor of Hatcheries and Conditioning, overseethe conditioning of embryos. Their powers and control over theseparticular jurisdictions gave them great power, and with that theability to manipulate others. "You ass... said theDirector,... Hasnt it occurred to you that an Epsilon embryomust have an Epsilon environment as well as an Epsilonheredity"(Huxley 23). Through a hierarchy of Alaphas and Betasdown to the lower cast Epsilon, everyone was suited for theirjob. The Director however, through his position of authority,was able to "... condition the masses to hate thecountry,"(Huxley 30). In doing so, the Director succeeds increating an obedient society, which obeys and bows to every whimof his commands. The Resident Controller and Director were twoauthoritative figures that were able to control whomever andwhatever each person worked at, even in advance they were conceived. Each cast had pre-conceived morals preached to them throughconditioning, and to this end effecti vely brainwashed to thepoint of utter obedience. The outcome of this brainwashing byconditioning sets forth a society that exists in two tiers, theguardians and the domesticated animals. who? why?->BNWwho? why?->11th CThe church and its head archbishops are able to control andmanipulate the masses in North America by preaching the eleventh education through strict laws and enforcement practices. Theeleventh commandment ordained that every man and women must befruitful and multiply. Because of this commandment and of themilitant ruling religionist enforcement, North America alone hadfour billion people, and yet the church continued to preach theeleventh commandment and its practices. The competition betweencontinents was the driving force behind the eleventh commandment. If it was not the competitiveness between ruling church states,

The Identify :: Business and Management Studies

The IdentifyThe problemThe End UserThe Company is called Vesco and has 13 stores round the UK. Themanager from one of their London stores has asked me to do thefollowing for his supermarket only.The ProblemA company called food on the go are their home delivery company. Themanager of Vesco has asked me to make invoices for the food on thego company and their customers. The manager of Vesco called DeanSmith said that their old way of billing great deal was very slow. Whatthey did was they would send an employee around the supermarket to geteach circumstance that has been ordered and would have to hyperkinetic syndrome up the prices atthe end. He wants me to make it so that when his employees are doingthis all they have to do is type in the in series(p) numbers of the itemsand the computer lead add up the prices and add VAT on its own. Alsohe would like the individual items and the subtotal to come up on thecomputer.So when the delivery company is delivering the foods to the houses ,people will easily and quickly be able to pay because they will easilysee what they ordered. Some people may pay by cash or some may havepreviously paid by credit card on their net income website. People ordertheir food by filling out and order configuration saying what items they wouldlike or they would fill out a form on the internet. An additional 10%charge will be added to their bill for this service.Possible Solutions to the ProblemManual SolutionAs they get their orders in they could compose what is ordered onto apiece of paper and put them up on a notice board, and at the end ofthe week one person could go round the shop and get all the items fromevery list.ICT SolutionThey could enter the items in a spreadsheet, this would be goodbecause a spreadsheet could add up the subtotal and add the VAT. Afteradding the VAT it can automatically add up the final total.My Solution Is..I will use the spreadsheet solution as the data co-ordinated in thespreadsheet can be put into a fo rmula and therefore can be manipulatededhattime - consuming. ta i - consuming have unshakable access times. I suggestthat they use a CD-RW. by the computer, it can also be presented in agood professional fashion.I will use an ICT solution because of the following reasonsThe Advantages of Using the ICT Solution are It is easier to edit the data and add up the data eg.

How the Media Affects My Life :: essays papers

How the Media Affects My LifeOne thousand six hundred and eighteen minutes. One thousand six hundred and eighteen was fatigued by me, on my computer, in three days. That seems to be a lot of prison term when you think about it, probably just about twenty vii hours. How could each that conviction be played out at as single machine like a PC. One of the best features of the PC is that you can workout many different media forms at bingle time. I utilization my PC for communication with my boyfriend who goes to SUNY Albany, to check my email for letters of annoyance from my parents, and to provide me with entertainment. whizztime(prenominal) i also use it for work, but that doesnt happen to frequently. The best part about that though is that i can do all(prenominal) those affaires all at the same time. Usually i turn my PC on when i wake up and off when i go to bed. My computer saves me time and money and makes my life so much happier.As i conducted the data, I realized how much i actually did surf the web in one day, and how many advertisements i saw. The internet, which is the virtual playground of where i spend most of my time, is a swamp of never ending advertisements and hidden links. Every other affair that you click is hypertext disguised as something else so the site will get a hit. I had never really realized but the media today has eternal possibilities for advancement because of the internet. Right now currently the biggest thing going on is the 27th prodigious Games in Sydney, Australia, which is being solely covered by NBC and their affiliates. Since the Olympic Games began, the regular NBC site has tripled their Web hits and their official Olympic site has almost maxed out on the systems resources from all te people logging on and hard to find out Up to the minute results. I myself even have spent hours on the site finding out track and field time and Gymnastics scores.How the Media Affects My Life essays papersHow the Media Affects My LifeOne thousand six hundred and eighteen minutes. One thousand six hundred and eighteen was spent by me, on my computer, in three days. That seems to be a lot of time when you think about it, probably just about twenty vii hours. How could all that time be spent at as single machine like a PC. One of the best features of the PC is that you can use many different media forms at one time. I use my PC for communication with my boyfriend who goes to SUNY Albany, to check my email for letters of annoyance from my parents, and to provide me with entertainment. erstwhile(prenominal) i also use it for work, but that doesnt happen to frequently. The best part about that though is that i can do all those things all at the same time. Usually i turn my PC on when i wake up and off when i go to bed. My computer saves me time and money and makes my life so much happier.As i conducted the data, I realized how much i actually did surf the web in one day, and how many advertisements i saw. The internet, which is the virtual playground of where i spend most of my time, is a swamp of never ending advertisements and hidden links. Every other thing that you click is hypertext disguised as something else so the site will get a hit. I had never really realized but the media today has undated possibilities for advancement because of the internet. Right now currently the biggest thing going on is the 27th Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, which is being solely covered by NBC and their affiliates. Since the Olympic Games began, the regular NBC site has tripled their Web hits and their official Olympic site has almost maxed out on the systems resources from all te people logging on and seek to find out Up to the minute results. I myself even have spent hours on the site finding out track and field generation and Gymnastics scores.

Essay on Setting in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour -- Story Hour E

Elements of Setting in Kate Chopins Short Story, The Story of an Hour Setting exists in every form of fiction, representing elements of time, place, and social context through with(predicate)out the work. These elements can create particular moods, character qualities, or features of theme. Throughout Kate Chopins short story The Story of an Hour, differing amounts and types of the pose are revealed as the plot develops. This story deals with a young womans emotional state as she discovers her own independence in her husbands death, then her tragic discovery that he is actually alive. The constituents of setting reveal certain characteristics about the main character, Louise Mallard, and are functionally important to the story structure. The entire action takes place in the springtime of a year in the 1890s, in the timeframe of about an hour, in a house belonging to the Mallards. All of these aspects of setting become extremely pertinent and significant as the meaning of the story unfolds. When Louise Mallard first hears that her husband was killed in a railroad accident, she wept at once, and went away to her room alone (12). As she mourns, looking out of her window on the second floor of her home, a sudden change of heart begins to come over her. She notices the delicious breath of rain, a peddler . . . crying his wares, notes of a distant song, countless sparrows . . . twittering, and patches of blue sky, all aquiver with the new spring life (13). As she stares at the sky, she begins to think about her new independence from her husband, uttering the words free, free, free (13). What makes her develop such a sudden change in attitude? Could it be that she sees rebirth in the world through her wind... ...giving it boundaries and distinctive characteristics about the situation. Setting preys upon reader stereotypes and preconceptions about the certain time frame or location in which the story takes place in sound out to bring out more meaning. In this w ork, Chopin develops the story based on the readers knowledge and understanding of a womans place in late nineteenth-century America. But the specialized setting--the time of year and the structure of the Mallard house--also gives clues to help readers understand Louise and attempt to determine the cause of her death. Louise may die of heart disease, as the doctors say at the end of the story, but setting indicates that the disease was not joy that kills (14). Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 4th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston St. Martins, 1997. 12-15.

Essay on Setting in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour -- Story Hour E

Elements of circumstance in Kate Chopins Short allegory, The Story of an Hour Setting exists in every form of fiction, representing elements of time, put down, and social context throughout the work. These elements can create particular moods, character qualities, or features of theme. Throughout Kate Chopins short story The Story of an Hour, differing amounts and types of the setting are revealed as the plot develops. This story deals with a young womans emotional state as she discovers her own independence in her husbands death, then her tragical discovery that he is actually alive. The constituents of setting reveal certain characteristics rough the main character, Louise Mallard, and are functionally important to the story structure. The entire action takes place in the springtime of a year in the 1890s, in the timeframe of about an hour, in a house belonging to the Mallards. All of these aspects of setting become extremely relevant and significant as the meaning of the sto ry unfolds. When Louise Mallard first hears that her husband was killed in a railroad accident, she wept at once, and went away to her room all (12). As she mourns, looking out of her window on the second floor of her home, a sudden change of heart begins to come over her. She notices the delicious breathing time of rain, a peddler . . . crying his wares, notes of a distant song, countless sparrows . . . twittering, and patches of blue sky, all aquiver with the new spring life (13). As she stares at the sky, she begins to think about her newfound independence from her husband, uttering the words free, free, free (13). What makes her develop such a sudden change in attitude? Could it be that she sees rebirth in the valet through her wind... ...giving it boundaries and distinctive characteristics about the situation. Setting preys upon reader stereotypes and preconceptions about the certain time frame or location in which the story takes place in order to bring out more meaning. In this work, Chopin develops the story based on the readers knowledge and understanding of a womans place in late nineteenth-century America. only when the specific setting--the time of year and the structure of the Mallard house--also gives clues to help readers understand Louise and attempt to determine the cause of her death. Louise may die of heart disease, as the doctors severalise at the end of the story, but setting indicates that the disease was not joy that kills (14). Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 4th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston St. Martins, 1997. 12-15.

Character Sketch of Bassanio Essay

Bassanios character is more fully drawn than Antonios, but it does not possess the mesomorphic individuality that Shakespeare gives to his portraits of Portia and Shylock. First off, when one begins considering Bassanio, one should dismiss all the critics who condemn him for his financial habits. Bassanios request to Antonio for more money is perfectly natural for him. He is young he is in love and he is, by nature, impulsive and romantic. Young men in love have often gone into debt so Bassanio has always borrowed money and, furthermore, no moral stigma should be involved.Shakespeare needs just such a character in this play for his plot. If Bassanio is not a powerful hero, he is certainly a sympathetic one. First, he has just about of the most memorable verse in the play language which has music, richness, and dignity. Second, he shows us his immediate, uncalculated generosity and love this is especially obvious when Bassanio, who has just won Portia, receives the letter telling him of Antonios danger. Bassanio is immediately and extremely concerned over the fate of Antonio and is earnest to do whatever is possible for his friend.Here, the situation is melodramatic and calls for a romantic, seemingly impossible, rescue mission. When at last Bassanio and Portia are reunited, he speaks forthrightly and truthfully to her. He refuses to implicate Antonio, even though it was at Antonios urging that he gave away his wedding ring to the judge who cleverly saved Antonios animateness If you did know, he tells Portia, for what I gave the ring / And how un provideingly I left the ring . . . You would abate the strength of your displeasure. No matter how powerful the circumstances, he admits that he was misemploy to part with the ring because he had given his oath to Portia to keep it.As the play ends, Bassanios impetuous nature is once more stage-center. Speaking to his wife, he vows Portia, forgive me this enforced wrong . . . and by my soul I swear / I never mor e will break an oath with thee. Of course, he will this, however, is part of Bassanios charm. He means it with all his heart when he swears to Portia, but when the next opportunity arises and he is called on to rashly undertake some adventure full of dash and daring, hell be off. Portia knows this also and loves him deeply, despite this minor flaw.

Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay

In the United Kingdom, the parts of corporation apothecarys shops to familiar health have non been clearly defined. As a effect they are non routinely integrated into the work of the wider overt wellness household. Whilst it is ill-defined why this should be, it has been acknowledged that they have the potency of playing a important aim in defend and bettering population wellness, placing forms of disease and adding wellness and societal direction information to ordinary wellness organic structures ( Department of health 2005a RPSGB 2003 ) .The function of the comm whole of noticementy apothecarys shop in public wellness remains to be to the full exploited, even though they have been progressively problematical in wellness betterment activities such(prenominal) as renovations aimed at smoking surcease, sexual wellness and substance abuse services, etc, as laid out in the contractual model for residential area pharmaceuticss ( DOH 2005b ) . An of import country of pub lic wellness where lodge pharmaceuticss have been least involved is in wellness protective cover, and they have the potencies of complementing present attempts in surveillance of infective diseases and add togethering victuals to unnatural population during an eruption.In Wales, wellness protection is one of the cardinal duties of the frequent health Wales ( PHW ) Health Protection unit and the Catching Disease care Centre ( CDSC ) is the arm responsible for surveillance of infective diseases, support for outbreak probes and proviso of wellness intelligence and applied question ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) .Soon, on that point are no enterprises or policies to officially prosecute the wellness protection unit of the Public Health Wales and community pharmaceuticss to work together on wellness protection whereby every twenty-four hours intelligence and surveillance information are exchanged ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . These surveillances information could be in signifier of supervising tendencies of nonprescription ( otc ) gross revenues informations ( e.g anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, cold and cough redresss, etc. ) to observe eruptions, and routinely supplying community pharmaceuticss with eruptions and surveillance studies to enable them supply support to affected population. indemnity example compendium In order to run a successful form _or_ system of government alteration, a prospective indemnity analysis of the issue at manus ( Analysis for policy ) , which is repetitious and dynamic will be nethertaken ( Buse. 2005 ) . The diagram below high spots the antithetical panoramas of the policy analysis and is explained in inside informations under the policy headings content, context, histrions and procedure.Need for alteration ( Policy Content ) There is a demand to germinate the functions of the wellness protection units and CDSC of PHW to include everyday communicating with community pharmaceuticss in order to better their effectivity in surveillanc e and sensing of infective diseases eruptions and protection of population wellness in Wales. This formal battle of community pharmaceuticss with the PHW Health Protection unit is of import as a event of increasing cognition and consciousness of its possible benefits.During the eruption of E. Coli O157 in South Wales in phratry 2005 which affected about 150 people ( with 1 decease recorded ) , the pharmaceutics squad of the so NPHS Wales noted anecdotal studies that community druggists had been consulted with respects to the change of anti-diarrhoeal readyings ( Walker 2009 ) . Besides during the eruption of viral pinkeye in South Wales in August 2006, GPs and community pharmaceuticss were advised against the purpose of ophthalmic Chloromycetin and there was grounds of public wellness protection by those pharmaceuticss that acted on the advice ( Hinchliffe and Walker 2008 ) . These are arrows to the fact that community pharmaceuticss suffer play a important function in public w ellness protection.Policy Context Public or authorities policy has been described as a determination that a authorities decides or decides non to do ( Dye 2001 ) . In the current political context in Wales since degeneration in 1999, the milkshake has adopted the citizens theoretical account of wellness service bringing where the populace have rights and duties in both having wellness services, and guaranting handiness of the services to everyone ( Welsh Assembly Government 2004 Beecham Report 2006 ) .Therefore, the current policy milieu in Wales can be said to be pluralist and the major contextual factors asking a demand for alteration at this point in ramble on are structural and endogenous in nature. These include the acknowledgment by the UK Department of Health ( 2005a ) that community pharmaceuticss are untapped resources in protecting public wellness and the committednesss of the Welsh Assembly Government in its One Wales a progressive docket for the authorities of Wal es, which aims to protect the wellness of the population with one of its wellness precedences of beef uping public wellness services ( Welsh Assembly Government 2007 ) . thomore, improved electronic connectivity in community pharmaceuticss ( RPSGB, 2008 ) will let for easy and ready transmittal and reception of informations and information for surveillance activities. Last, addition in the cognition that early sensing and control of infective diseases outbreaks in the population by an high-octane surveillance system of rules significantly reduces its load on the wellness of the population and saves costs of intervention and infirmary admittance, therefore bettering public assurance in the authorities.Policy Stakeholders ( Actors ) This measure involves placing the policy histrions and under indorseing their place and involvements with regard to the issue of affecting community pharmaceuticss in PHW s wellness protection ( Buse, 2005 ) . This is of import in order to accomplish a lteration and cover its successful effectuation and sustainability.Welsh Assembly Government Is a cardinal stakeholder in doing and implementing the policy by presenting the policy instrument in the signifier of an official statement and/or ordinance. The undermentioned histrions in the WAG includeThe Department of Health and Social operate oversees all wellness related to maps in Wales including reding the Welsh Assembly Government in puting policies and schemes for wellness and societal attention in Wales ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2010a ) and is cardinal in decision-making with respects to O.K.ing the policy and presenting the policy instrument on behalf of the authorities.The Department of Public Health and Health Professions ( DPHHP ) headed by the Chief Medical Officer for Wales, reports to the Department of Health and Social Services and has the aim of protecting the wellness of the peoples and being prepared for wellness exigencies ( WAG 2010b ) .Chief Health victo rs including the main medical officer, main pharmaceutic advisor and others who grant expert cognition in public wellness and related specializer countries to the WAG and other external organic structures to protect and better public wellness.Public Health Wales ( PHW ) In October 2009, the new NHS trust established by the WAG became operational, integrating the maps and services provided by the NPHS Wales, Wales Centre for Health ( WCfH ) , WCISU and the Screening Services Wales. PHW is to supply resources, advice and information to the WAG, and all Wales NHS Trusts, Local Health boards, etc, enabling them to transport out their statutory public Health maps ( Public Health Wales 2009 ) . Its Health protection unit has as one of its strategic ends to cut down the impact of infective diseases and exigencies in the population and delivers this through its Health Protection Teams and the Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance ( CCDS ) among others ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . The PH W is a cardinal histrion in accomplishing successful policy alterations since they will be straight involved in the functioning of the policy.Public Health Consultants in Wales including Advisers in Catching Diseases and Control would be portion of the policy alteration procedure in obtaining experts inputs in their assorted specialised Fieldss, and most particularly pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be chief advocators and innovators of the policy alteration.Community chemists shop Wales ( CPW ) is the local pattern forum for Wales and is possibly the most important stakeholder as community pharmaceuticss are at the other terminal of the spectrum for execution and the policy alteration affects them straight and the manner they operate. CPW represents the involvements of the over 700 community pharmaceuticss in Wales and are recognized by the WAG as the negociating organic structure on behalf of pharmaceutics contractors, taking the function from the PSNC s Welsh comm ission following degeneration ( CPW, no day of the month ) .Nation-wide Chain Pharmacy Stores These are peculiarly of import stakeholders since their operations span across the different UK states and are likely to hold an integrated IT system for staff and information direction. Their positions are of import since they represent a big gawk of community pharmaceuticss, for illustration in Wales of the 714 community pharmaceuticss, 91 are possess by Boots ( Walker 2009 ) .Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) is the regulative and professional organic structure for druggists and pharmaceutics technicians in the Britain with primary aims to take, modulate, develop and stand for the profession of pharmaceutics ( RPSGB, 2010a ) . Since more than half of the over 2300 druggists in Wales work in the community ( RPSGB, 2010b ) , the RPSGB is an of import histrion in stand foring their involvements and in guaranting that the policy is successfully made and implement ed.The Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) is an operational unit of the Welsh School of pharmaceutics, Cardiff University and provides go oning professional development chances ( CPD ) for the pharmaceutics squad in Wales ( WCPPE, 2010 ) . The WCPPE is of import as a policy histrion in fashioning and supplying a CPD programme for community druggists in Wales as a portion of the policy execution procedure in guaranting its success and continuity/sustainability.Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) in the UK is the organic structure that sets criterions for public wellness specializers and purposes to advance promotions in public wellness cognition and keep the highest degree of professional criterions ( FPH, 2010 ) . The FPH is a major advocator for public wellness in the UK and hammering an effectual partnership with it in pursing this policy alteration is important for puting the policy on the docket and guaranting that it remains there up till its execution an d rating.National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) is the trade association for community pharmaceuticss in the UK and aims to stand for, support and protect their involvements ( NPA, 2010 ) . The NPA is a potentially of import histrion in the policy procedure since their place can do or impair the execution of the policy.The Media Is an first off-class agencies of acquiring the issue on the docket and in puting the ball turn overing for treatments among different histrions ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The advocates of the policy alteration may use a sponsored intelligence docudrama particularly foregrounding past effects of eruptions ( including gayity deaths ) and ways in which the community pharmaceuticss could hold provided of import surveillance information to the PHW and the populace and intervened to supply support to affected population.Other Stakeholders will includeWelsh Medicines choice Centre ( WeMeReC )Local Health Boards in WalesBoard of Community Health Council in WalesThe MediaThe Welsh Office of Research and Development for Heath and Social fear ( WORD )As a portion of the policy analysis model, after placing the political histrions, measuring their political powers and measuring their involvements, places and committednesss ( Buse et al, 2005 ) , an abridged stakeholder analysis and sum-up of their power scattering is shown in Table 1 below.Table 1 Stakeholder Analysis ( Varvasovszky and Brugha, ( 2000 ) SupportAgainst ( Opposition )ImpersonalWelsh Assembly Government ( WAG )Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW )Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE )Public Health Wales ( PHW )National Pharmacy Association ( NPA )MediaRoyal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB )RPSGBWeMeReCFaculty of Public Health ( FPH )Nation-wide Pharmacy Stores, e.g. Boots PharmacyBoard of Community Health Council in WalesAdvisers of Public Health in WalesLocal Health Boards in WalesMediaPolicy ProcedureDespite the pluralist nature of the political sy stem in Wales, Luke s first dimension of power may non capture the full scope of relationships that exists, while his 2nd dimension of power may be utile in explicating the docket puting procedure ( Buse et al. 2005 ) since different policy histrions all have changing powers to protect their involvements. Policy alteration here would use the incrementalist attack which would affect puddling through the policy position quo which will include a new function for the Public Health Wales ( i.e. everyday communicating of surveillance information with community pharmaceuticss ) and community pharmaceuticss ( i.e. supplying OTC gross revenues informations to PHW ) .The four-staged ( additive ) policy procedure docket scene, policy preparation, policy execution and policy rating, provides a utile heuristic gizmo ( Stages Heuristics ) which is utile in explicating the policy procedure, even though it is a cyclical procedure in world ( Hogwood and Gunn 1984 ) .Agenda Setting Introducing th is policy alteration onto the WAG docket may non be achieved following the politics-as-usual attack where the WAG comes to find and acknowledge that there is a major issue to be addressed ( Buse et al. 2005 ) . The pressure group s theoretical account ( 1975 ) cited in Buse et Al ( 2005 ) will be of import in conveying the issue to the attending of the WAG since its legitimacy, feasibleness and support can be deemed as high and pursued by the histrionsLegitimacy Expanding the function of community pharmaceuticss to complement current attempts at public wellness protection and affecting them to supply support to affected population after an eruption is a legitimate end in footings of presenting the WAG aim of wellness protection. It is in like manner underpinned by several studies ( DOH 2005a, RPSGB 2003 ) recommending more engagement of community pharmaceuticss in wellness protection.Feasibility Achieving the policy alteration will supply a curriculum at maximising available resources for wellness protection as the policy alteration will non necessitate any major extra fiscal and human resources in footings of chance costs. It involves spread outing the duties of the PHW wellness protection squads to routinely pass oning with community pharmaceuticss in their local governments and analyzing informations obtained from them as portion of surveillance. It is extremely executable, maximizes exhaustible human and fiscal resources of authorities.Support A possible challenge in the policy procedure is acquiring equal support particularly from community pharmaceuticss and their different organic structures. Since its non portion of the contractual model of community pharmaceuticss and no commercial wagess, community pharmaceuticss may look non concerted. However, this challenge can be addressed by equal protagonism and lobbying with the pharmaceutics groups ( CPW, NPA, RPSGB ) and guaranting that support is obtained. From the authorities position, support fro m the public wellness advisers and civil retainers ( curate, managers, etc. ) would be sought after by the pharmaceutical public wellness advisers and spouses recommending for the alteration.Public Health Consultants in Wales, in peculiar pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be the title-holder of the policy alteration by first accepting the demand for alteration and propagating the message particularly through the media. Health Protection Unit of the PHW who are a portion of the policy implementers would be involved in this early phase to guarantee their support, while other parts of the PHW including the Public Health Strategic Management Group would be carried along.Community pharmaceuticss on the other manus may turn out hard ab initio, but strong protagonism and usage of political resources available particularly through the RPSGB would guarantee cooperation. Advocacy by druggists and advisers working within PHW to the RPSGB, CPW and NPA and the usage of informal meet ings and formal unit of ammunition table treatments between these stakeholders will guarantee support. The support of the FPH would be required since it plays a important function in protagonism for public wellness policy alteration ( FPH, 2010 ) .Policy FormulationOnce the issue gets on the authorities docket, a series of intricate activities takes topographic point within the policy web ( procedure and histrions ) , with the histrions exerting their political powers and resources to prosecute their involvements in the policy.The usage of public audience is a tool very much used by the WAG ( Strategic Policy Unit ) in policy devising procedures, which would convey the policy web together to consider and supply proficient information on the policy. At this phase and based on dialogues, the concluding inside informations and accommodations of the policy alteration would be made before it is formulated. Policy preparation takes topographic point by passage of the policy through an a ppropriate policy instrument which in this instance may be make through the issue of an official policy statement/circular by the Minister of Health and Social Services.This policy so flows down the hierarchy of the civil service and NHS to the PHW which so implements it. Community pharmacies either through the CPW, RPSGB and/or NPA will besides publish policy statements to all its members to move as appropriate with the PHW.Further reappraisals and treatments at a ulterior clip during and after ratings have been carried out may so take to farther dialogue and determination on whether or non to include the policy in the community pharmaceutics contractual model.Policy ExecutionExecution is the most of import facet of the policy procedure since it is where alteration is expected to happen. Using the bottom-up attack would affect the implementers in this instance the PHW Health Protection Unit and community pharmaceuticss ( CPW ) , to interact in the political procedure of executi on ( Buse, 2005 ) . Conflicts are demarcation to originate during execution but it is of import in placing challenges and supplying feedbacks for rating and for alteration of attack.The Top-down attack to policy execution would be used to written report the administrative and managerial facets including sketching ends and schemes, and delegating quantitative marks to guarantee that the policy bringing can be monitored and evaluated to place countries for betterment.Execution of the policy may simply bring forth a fringy incremental alteration which is easy to supervise and requires really small human and fiscal resources. Successful execution is an iterative procedure which and requires regular inputs and active engagement of the members of the policy web. This can be achieved through a regular stakeholders forum for treatments, suggestions and ratings.One other of import facet of the execution is to include wellness protection as a Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) programme for community pharmaceuticss. This facet would affect the RPSGB and WCPPE, guaranting sustainability of the alteration and can be achieved through active protagonism.Policy EvaluationEvaluation in a policy procedure is iterative and may be done at any phase of the policy procedure in order to measure the degrees of advancement that has been made. Formative rating of the policy will be carried out during the policy docket scene, preparation and execution phases to modify and develop the concluding policy in order to suit the positions of differing powerful histrions. supplymational ratings on the other manus would be focussed to valuate the degree of impacts of early sensing of infective diseases outbreak achieved by the policy alteration over a period of clip ( Buse et al, 2005 ) .Evaluation of the policy may include the usage of epidemiological surveies such as ecological and instance control surveies to measure the effectivity of observing eruptions of infective diseas es as a consequence of affecting community pharmaceuticss in surveillance in comparing with other countries of the UK. It involves the aggregation and usage of qualitative and quantitative informations to measure the effectivity of the policy alteration. The usage of the Donabedian s Structure-Process-Outcome Model to gestate the policy rating is described in table 2 below.Donabedian Framework for Policy EvaluationStructure/InputAdministrative/Managerial ComponentsNumber of PHW Health Protection Teams and Community Pharmacies involvedUse of IT resourcesResultEarly sensing of eruptions by community pharmaceuticss taking to reduced load of infective diseasesReduced burden/morbidity of infective diseases in the populationProcess/Activities bout ( Weekly or Monthly ) communicating and exchange of wellness protection studies and infection diseases surveillance informationsActions taken by community pharmaceuticss to back up affected populationWhether or non Continuing Professional Develo pment ( CPD ) on wellness protection has been introduced to community pharmaceuticssEnd productSum of eruptions detected through usage of community pharmaceuticss surveillance informationsSum of outbreak instances handled by community pharmaceuticss ( referrals and actions taken )Number of community pharmaceuticss taking the CPD on wellness protectionDrumhead

Debt versus Equity Financing Paper Essay

In the accounting industry. financial support remains an of import construct. as many organisations atomic number 18 reliant on them for fiscal stableness and length of service. Although there are a overplus of keep options and types to take from. the focal point of the work will go around around debt and equity funding. These two normally utilise physiques of funding are of import as they are both alone in how they are utilised. The writer of this piece will turn to these two funding options while supplying illustrations of each and turn toing which capital construction is most advantageous.Debt FinancingDebt funding is the procedure of borrowing silver from a loaner such as a bank. These fundings option comes in the signifiers of loans both secure and unbarred. Security involves a signifier of collateral as an confidence the loan will be repaid. If the debitor defaults on the loan. that collateral is forfeited to fulfill payment of the debt ( Entrepreneur. 2014. p. 1 ) . In m ost instances a loaner will inquire for some clip of security on a loan and least frequently times will impart establish on name acknowledgment or position. One of the most common beginnings of debt funding is seen inwardly startup concerns where debt funding is frequently provided by friends and house bewilder alternatively of commercial loaning establishments.When borrowing money from relations or friends. hold your lawyer pull up legal documents ordering the footings of the loan. as formalistic authentication ( Entrepreneur. 2014. p. 1 ) . Another signifier of debt funding that is most common occurs with recognition cards through a recognition line. Recognition cards are used to supply a manner to concerns to acquire several 1000s of dollars rapidly with expose traveling through the fusss of acquiring approved for a loan and make fulling out immense addition of paperwork ( Entrepreneur. 2014 ) . Though this method is really popular it is of import to take note that the involve ment can roll up if non monitored as this debt can annex up rapidly.Equity FinancingUnlike debt funding. equity financing involves raising capital through merchandising portions within the concern. Equity financing basically refers to the vulgar revenues of an ownership involvement to raise financess for concern purposes ( Investopedia. 2013. p. 1 ) . This signifier of funding does non merely include selling common equity but it besides consists of selling preferable stock. exchangeable preferable stock. and warrants. When a startup company additions success it will succeed equity as it evolves. Since startups attract a huge sum of investors at different phases of the companys development rhythm. different signifiers of equity are used for the businesss fiscal demands.Convertible stock is comprised out as a loan. which the company is obligated to refund and if company meets the specified benchmark in footings of public presentation. the unpaid balance of that loan is so converted into an equity interest in the concern ( Merritt. 2013 ) . Companies can besides achieve capital by selling portions to investors. This allows a company to give up a piece of itself as a manner to raise money to finance growing. Small. in private held companies sell portions to private investors. who so hold equity within the company ( Merritt. 2013. p. 1 ) . This is one of the quickest manner for obtain capital to finance growing for a concern. particularly if it goes public.DecisionThough both of these methods of funding are good for a concern to turn and obtain capital it is of import to admit which of these signifiers are most advantageous. In footings of raising mass sums of money for growing and concern operations. it would be most advantageous to use equity funding within the concern as this provides are manner for the concern to achieve big amounts of money by selling portions. It is of import to observe that maintaining history of the figure portions is of import as the co ncern needs to guarantee it maintains the bulk of 51 % of more to contradict hostile coup detat from rivals and other concerns. At times one funding on either head can look to hold more advantages so the following it is of import the a concern attempts to use both in order to keep balance and control of the concern for optimal success.MentionsEntrepreneur. ( 2014 ) . Debt Financing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www. enterpriser. com/encyclopedia/debt-financingInvestopedia. ( 2013 ) . Equity Financing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www. investopedia. com/terms/e/equityfinancing. aspMerritt. C. ( 2013 ) . What Are Examples of Equity Financing? Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //budgeting. thenest. com/examples-equity-financing-23831. hypertext markup lyric

Fast Food Industry Research Proposal Essay

To study the attitude towards consumption of robust provender within the fast diet effortBackgroundWe argon a marketing research team of a fast viands chain store. With increasing awareness virtually intelligent food among the masses and with consumer preferences changing towards healthful food, we intend to launch a health food segment to cater to this need of the customers. We are also concerned ab away the pricing of the product that whether it should be priced similar as that of normal fast food or the customers would be willing to pay a premium for healthy food. But before launching that product we want to know that Is it worth it to our fast food restaurant to market healthy food. To answer this prudence decision problem, we intend to conduct a marketing research within the region of West Delhi.Introduction* What is fast food?Definition1. Fast food get hold of been defined by Bender and Bender (1995) as a general term used for a limited menu of foods that lend thems elves to production-line techniques suppliers tend to separate in products such as hamburgers, pizzas, chicken, or sandwiches. Definition2. In Data Monitors (2005) survey the fast food market is defined as the sale of food and drinks for immediate consumption either on the premises or in designated eating areas shared with new(prenominal) foodservice operators, or for consumption elsewhere. Definition3. As per the discharge dictionary fast food is inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly. Definition4.According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary fast food is designed for ready availability, use, or consumption and with little consideration given to quality or significance* Why fast food?* Brief history of fast food application in India* Fast food industry trend, facts and figures, key players in India* According to a study by the Tata Strategic Management Group, the size of the Indian health-and-wellness food market will rise from an estimated Rs101.5bn in 2010 to Rs550bn by 2015, implying annual growth of 35-37%.* Why healthy food?Health food is preferred by citizenry mostly because of the various health issues associated with eating fast food * Trans Fats which is commonly found in fast food have a negative force out on health * The fast food consumption increase calorie intake, promote weight gain, and elevates risk for diabetes. * Obesity is also linked to various other diseases* What is Healthy food?Definition1 As per the free dictionary healthy food is Any intrinsic or prepared food popularly believed to promote dandy healthDefinition2* Food with low content of edible oil used.* Lower fat, lower cholesterol and lower sodium.Major segmentsH&W products in India could be classified into three dominant categories, i.e. Better-for-You(BFY), Functional / Fortified, and Natural categories. investigate ObjectiveThe main aim of our research is to derive indications that may contribute to better strategic and ta ctical marketing decisions. The overall objective of the study is To study the attitude towards consumption of healthy food within the fast food industry this has been divide into following sub-objectives 1) To study the consumption pattern towards fast food and health/wellness food. * What all sort of fast food people prefer, at what time, at what places they go, * What is the driving force behind it, e.g. smack, spiciness, ease , price, time element and so on * Most popular fast food2) To study the factors that influence the consumers to go for healthy food* Sickness* Obesity* Awareness* Who3) To study the consumer perception about healthy food vis a vis normal fast food w.r.t. two factors i.e. strain and price * What does consumer think about healthy food e.g. taste , price4) To identify the possibility/impact of nutritional value of fast foods on consumer grease ones palms decision.Research Questions and HypothesisQuestion Do customer think healthy food is as tasty as fast food? H1 customers perceive healthy food to be of same taste as normal fast food. Question Do customer think healthy food is costs same as normal fast food? H2 Customers perceive healthy food costs same as normal fast food. Question Is there any(prenominal) impact of nutritional value of fast foods on consumer purchase decision? H3 Nutritional value of fast foods has no impact on consumer purchase decision.Research Designqualitative ResearchPurposeBecause of the exploratory nature of some of the aspects of the objectives, we need to have detailed qualitative information. The qualitative research will investigating the following* the consumption frequencies, the categories of product consumed and the main reasons to use these products* At what time and at what places do they prefer to go,* What is the driving force behind their preference, e.g. taste, spiciness, ease, price, time factor etc.* Most popular fast food* Whether they would prefer to pay more for healthy food* What fac tors influence the customers to eat healthy food cosmos and samplingSamples for the study will consist of youth segment (indicated as consumer in this study) in the age group of 20 to 27 years. Convenience samples are drawn from West Delhi region among the college students. We propose to conduct 4 focus groups with the following profiles Group 1&2 Dwarka RegionGroup 3&4 Janak PuriQuantitative ResearchWe propose to conduct a study using questionnaire within the markets of Dwarka and Janakpuri region and also an online survey of the relevant respondents.PurposeThis stage intends to valuate the factors that influence the respondents to eat healthy food. It will also give the percentage of each category of fast food which customers generally prefer to eat out and at what place &at what time. It will also help us to quantify that how many customers perceive healthy food as of same taste as normal fast food and of the same price. By establishing classified data we will know what type of people prefer healthy food and what price they are willing to pay. Also we will know that how many customers look at the nutritional value of the product before taking a purchase decision.Population and samplingSamples for the study will consist of youth segment (indicated as consumer in this study) in the age group of 20 to 27 years. Convenience samples are drawn from West Delhi region among the college students. Our definition of convenience samples includes only one dimension that is easy access to the sample units otherwise it was haphazard selection of individuals from a large number of customers at the fast food outlets. We will be carrying out a survey of 200 Indian Customers The daring to face interviews will be carried out in different days and in different outlets such as, open markets, traditional shops and supermarkets. A pilot render on 15 consumers will be conducted in order to ensure that the statements are clear and to identify redundant variables and questions th at were difficult to infrastand.ProcedureWe will mount a questionnaire for this purpose. The questionnaire will probe the following * the consumption frequencies, the categories of product consumed and the main reasons to use these products * The factors which influence the customers to eat healthy food * Which category of fast food people generally prefer and the main reason to use that product * Do customers perceive healthy food to be as tasty as normal fast food * Whether customers are willing to pay more for healthy food * Is there any impact of nutritional value on their purchase decision AnalysisStatistical epitome such as descriptive statistical analysis and frequency distribution.t-testfactor analysiscluster analysisTimingWeek Activity1-3 weeks Desk research4-6 weeks Qualitative field work7 week Questionnaire development8-9 week Quantitative stage(n=200)10 week steganography and data preparation11 week Analysis 12 week Presentation and Report available CostsPhase Des cription Costs Qualitative research four focus groups-travel cost 1200 Quantitative research 200 interviews-Stationary-travel cost 5001200 Total 2900LimitationsThis study has some limitations that however do not ware the purpose of the study. Data for the study will be collected from West Delhi region mainly Dwarka and Janakpuri. Sampling units are primarily of young unmarried consumers. Annexure 1 Definitions of Health & Wellness Categories Better-For-You Food products with lower levels of bad ingredients /nutrients for the consumers like sugar or fat are called BFY products. Various low-fat, low-sugar or diet products would fall under the BFY category. Fortified / Functional Food products fortified with additional ingredients or produced / suitably modified to provide a distinct health benefit are termed as operational or fortified foods. Functional drinks, vitamin / mineral fortified milk or fruit juices and bakery products with added fiber would be classified as functio nal foods. Natural Products sold under the Natural platform are specifically manufactured with no chemicals, additives or artificial substances / chemicals. 100% natural juices, ready meals without preservatives, etc. are few examples of such products. Organic These are made from foods that are grown without use of chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) during their cultivation. Naturally healthy These foods are considered healthy in their natural form itself like milk, olive oil, fruit juices etc.References1) Naresh K. Malhotra, Marketing Research- An Applied Orientation, 3rd Edition 2) Anita Goyal and N.P. Singh, Consumer perception about fast food in India an exploratory study 3) Andrea Freeman, fast Food oppression through poor nutrition California Law Review, Vol. 95,issue 6 4) Healthy Ambition, Economic Intelligence Unit, April sixth 2011,Vol XVIII No. 7 5) The Health & Wellness Foods Industry in India An Overview, Tata Strategic Management Group(2009)

Cja 224 Week 1

CJA/224 Monday April 15, 2013 The American Criminal Court Systems The American fell court governing bodys are made up of federal and State courts. The State court deals mainly with civil, traffic, and family issues. The national court handles more serious violations which include federal and organization violations and issues between actual res publicas. If the case is any federal or state trial courts determine guilt and convictions. Our court systems are very complex, but recently Community courts have been added and that is used for less(prenominal) offense, and mostly used for mediation.The Federal court consists are military courts, international courts and trading, and also includes ninety four district courts. The district courts are used for trials and convictions. The Federal court systems also deal with all tax situations. The Federal courts have twelve circuits in the appellate courts. The appellate courts are used for appealing cases that were one time heard in tr ial. If you want to appeal your conviction, the appellate court is where you should have your case heard. The tyrannical Court is the highest possible court.It has nine justices with one chief justice. The Supreme Court only hears about two hundred cases a year, so it is very rare for the justices to accept to hear your case if you chose to try and appeal in spite of appearance the Supreme Court. The dual court system explains that both the Federal and State courts work separately under one judicial government. As I had say above, the Federal court deals with national jurisprudence and the State courts deal with state and civil. They both rarely work together, both courts work under one government but work almost completely separate from one another.The constitution of the United States is based off Federal laws which do apply to the country as a whole, which includes all the states. Federal laws are universal all over the country, as the state laws vary from state to state. Eac h state has the opportunity to progress to its own laws for that state, which is why you notice laws are different in one state to another. Our nation follows either common or civil law. Common law was first established in England in the Middle Ages, as civil law first was established in continental Europe around the aforesaid(prenominal) time and was also applied o Spain and Portugal. Common law isnt based on statues as civil law is which can be confusing for most. Civil law is codified, which has shaped our court systems. This allows appropriate punishment for each offense brought to the court room. The Judge has a quality to bring all the secern out in a civil law system and the applicable code is applied to each case. This has shaped our court systems because the American court systems is powerfully common law based which was brought from England in the Middle Ages.Civil law is practiced in America, just in a small amount, mostly in state courts. Louisiana is a great exampl e of the civil law system. Louisiana has a strong French and Spanish influence, and the civil system did once pass over in England and Spain. The Criminal justice system serves three main purposes in the United States. The three main purposes are to investigate, to prosecute, and to punish crimes. The most basic role in the criminal justice system is to investigate crimes and allegations.If the law enforcement feels as if the investigation is complete and needs further investigation the cases are sent to the crystalise attorneys. Prosecuting offenders is another purpose in the criminal justice system. If the alleged crime violated is deserving of prosecution then the cases is taken to court (state court) and is handled by the prosecuting attorney. The criminal justice systems doesnt only investigate and prosecute, it also punishes offenders for their crimes. There are many different types of punishment which include fines, probation and jail time.Not only does the criminal justice s system punish but it also has programs for prisoners to take once they are released from jail or taken off probation to help them from repeating the crime they were already punished for in the beginning. This is what the criminal justice systems call rehabilitation programs. References 1. Walker, Samuel (1992). Origins of the Contemporary Criminal Justice Paradigm The American Bar Foundation Survey, 1953-1969. Justice Quarterly9(1). 2. Neocleous, Mark (2004). Fabricating Social Order A Critical History of Police Power. London Pluto Press. pp. 9394. ISBN

Impact Of Climate Change And Greenhouse Gases Environmental Sciences Essay

Our clime is quickly altering all around us. Ice is runing, workss be deceasing, whet beings ar in danger, and internal grounds argon being destroyed. The frozen is greatly affected. The internal-combustion engine is runing and doing H2O layers to cost increase, and animate beings are deceasing beca workout of loss of home ground. Over the one-time(prenominal) wiz hundred old ages, the mean surface temperature has risen a little over 1 degree Fahrenheit. ( Baker, 4 ) mode mutation happens because of worlds and natural grounds. Worlds are non being careful and are non utilizing their resources sagely. Worlds are non looking at other options to serve salvage the environment, and are merely utilizing what is easiest and what we are used to. Climate rescript is a serious job that affects worlds, and animate beings, and if non stopped will do important desolation.Climate alteration is the addition of the temperature of our planet. ( Morris, 4 ) Climate alteration is more t han merely a alteration in the conditions it is a alteration over a farseeing period of clip. ( What is Climate Change? ) . Climate alteration happens of words but besides because of worlds. During the summer our planet is closer to the Sun and be cums heater. In the winter things get cooler because we are turned off from the Sun. But the ice that we have lost or has melted rebuilds in the winter. This is because of freeze and snowfall ( Causes of Climate Change ) Natural temperatures have risen 1.08 grades Fahrenheit over the past 100 old ages. ( Baker, 4 )Our environment is besides altering because of human activity and the nursery consequence. The nursery consequence is when nursery gases are trapped in our ambiance.( Henson, 20 ) Greenhouse gases trap the heat from the Sun in the Earth s ambiance. This heat leads to an addition in the Earth s surface temperature. ( Henson, 21 ) on that point is this bed in the ambiance that traps heat to maintain our planet warm. When wo rlds release nursery gases, they get trapped by this bed and the surface temperature rises.There are three chief gases that are considered nursery gases. These gases are C dioxide, methane, and azotic oxide ( Baker, 6 ) . Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels such as coal and crude are burned. Animals such as cattles and sheep release gas as portion of their digestive system and through manure. This produces methane. Then there is azotic oxide. Azotic oxide is produced when fertilisers are used for paces and harvests. ( Walker, David, 112 )Every clip you drive to the shop, watch Television, travel on the computing machine, drive a auto, and turn on the visible radiations fossil fuels are burned. They are burned to bring forth the energy to power things. When fossil fuels are burned, C dioxide is released into the air. Because there are so many people and so many people actively let go ofing C dioxide, it finally adds up and the temperature rises. ( Henson, 24 ) These gas sum s are increase because the human population is increasing.Climate alteration affects the environment and worlds. The clime alterations with a little temperature alteration. Over the past 25 old ages, the diametrical sea ice country has decreased by about five per centum and summer sea ice country has decreased by 15 per centum. ( Melting Ice Caps ) The thaw of ice greatly affects the food concatenation. The alimental concatenation is an agreement of the being of an ecological community harmonizing to the order of predation in which each uses the following normally lower member as a intellectual nourishment beginning. ( Webster Dictionary )In the glacial the animate beings and workss greatly depend on each other. The nutrient concatenation starts with the ice. Ice has algae on it which the krill eat. If the ice thaws, the krill will decease out. ( Baker, 11 ) Fish eat krill, and if the krill sum decreases so will the weight sum. Whales, walruses, seals, and polar bears, will b esides be affected. These animate beings will hold less nutrient available because they eat the fish. Even the smallest alteration in temperature can run the ice and do the whole nutrient concatenation to be thrown off. ( Baker, 11 )The heating of our planet can besides impact the animate being s version. The animate beings in the north-polar have alter to cold temperatures, few hours of sunshine, short turning seasons, flora and growing periods, and have grown thick coats. Animals in the Arctic have adapted to the conditions so the temperature changes greatly affect them. ( Baker, 11 )There are three ecosystems in the Arctic. These three ecosystems are the Arctic Ocean, Ice Sheets, and the Tundra. The Arctic Ocean supports fish life. The Ice Sheets provide shelter and land to run for seals, seahorses, polar bears and many more. The Tundra supports life for mosses, lichen, and provides nutrient for musk Oklahoma, hares, and many reindeer. And in the summer birds migrate here. ( Bak er, 10 )The Arctic Ocean is greatly affected by clime alteration. Temperatures are lifting the fastest here. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean and parts are for good frozen. It includes the sea and frame down North of the Arctic Circle, the North Pole, and some parts of other states. ( Arctic Ocean ) The rise in temperature is doing the ice to run. Ice and snow smooth the Sun beam and heat, and H2O and land do non. Because of the ice thaw, there is non every bit much snow and ice. The H2O and land are enchanting the heat and Sun beams doing temperatures to lift even more. ( Baker, 8 )The lifting temperatures are impacting animate beings excessively. Animals are greatly affected by the clime alteration. Their place is here in the Arctic and they depend on the ice for shelter and runing infinite. The Arctic has many polar bears. Polar bears are endangered because of the thaw ice. In the summer the Arctic Ice sheet thaws. But because of clime alteration, the ice sheet is runi ng three hebdomads earlier so it did in the 1970 s. ( Baker, 13 ) When the ice sheet moves north the home ground of the polar bear psychiatrists. This forces the bears to swim long distances to happen nutrient for their households. Most bears are good swimmers but some become tired, doing them to decease. ( Olson, 11 ) another(prenominal) ground polar bears are endangered is because they are non happening the nutrient they need in the H2O, so they wonder towards towns for nutrient. Polar bears ca nt happen the nutrient with the sum of fat they need to last the winter. The bears become slender and ca nt last doing decease. ( Olson, 20 )Another animate being that is in danger is the Caribou. In 1989 there were 187,000 Caribous and in 2007 there were 120,000. ( Baker, 14 ) Caribou Numberss are diminishing for many grounds. Caribou eat lichen and moss found in the Tundra. Snow sums are increasing which makes it difficult for the Caribou to happen the nutrient with the right sum of fat i t needs. If the Caribou does non hold plenty fat to do it through the winter, it will decease. In the summer the moss and lichen become green earlier so normal. This helps the Caribou but so these workss will decease out before. If they do non acquire plenty of the moss and lichen and do non hold adequate fat stored, they will finally decease. ( Baker, 15 )Climate alteration besides affects people. There are 28 communities in the north-polar mainland and islands. ( Canada s Northern Communities ) This is their place and clime alteration has made it difficult for them to run and angle. There cultural behaviours are forced to alter. Because of the thaw ice sea degrees are raising doing houses to be damaged.Climate alteration could hold a immense impact on our planet in the hereafter. With the ice runing the manner it is, sea degrees could lift doing implosion therapy, and land could be destroyed. Animals are threatened because their nutrient and shelter beginnings are shriveling. So me of these animate beings are endangered now and could go nonextant. Climate alteration could besides be good. The ice that is in the manner could run opening ways for boats to acquire through. ( Baker, 25 ) This could assist concerns take shorter paths to acquire where they need to travel. sensation chief thing that climate alteration will impact is touristry. Tonss of people would love to see these animate beings and topographic points. More people will come to these topographic points because they may be warmer, or easier to acquire to.Each twelvemonth the mean American adds more than 40,000 lbs of C dioxide to the air. ( Earth In The Hot Seat, 53 ) Go play football or association football. Go take a walk outside, or wing a kite alternatively of sitting inside on the computing machine. When you spend the bulk of your clip outside you do non let go of C dioxide. Reducing the sum of energy you use is the easiest manner to cut down your C dioxide sum right off. ( Earth In The Hot Seat, 54 ) If everyone is cautious to what they do, how much electricity they use, or how long the stay indoors, our C dioxide sum will shrivel. In the terminal this will all add up and the temperature alterations will be smaller.Climate alteration is a job that affects worlds, and animate beings, and is doing alterations to our environment. Over the past one hundred old ages, the mean surface temperature has risen a little over 1 degree Fahrenheit. ( Baker, 4 ) There are many organisations assisting with clime alteration. The Sierra Club is assisting to do clean energy solutions, green transit, bound nursery gases, and utilize resources beyond coal. They are besides informing people about clime alteration so they will make their portion. Climate Change is Care for God s Creations. ( Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teachings ) We need to demo attention for the Earth because it is portion of our religion. We are called to protect people and the planet, populating our religion in human relationship with all of God s creative activities. ( Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teachings ) Finding alternate beginnings of energy is a great manner to assist protect, and salvage what we have of our planet.

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay

The new interface I will define is one in which the artificer makes active custom of the inventiveness and skills of an engineer to achieve his purpose. The artist could not complete his intentions without the help of an engineer. The artist incorporates the work of the engineer in the painting or the sculpture or the performance. what a perfect synergy Introduction Experiments in wile and technology (E. A. T. ) is an aged non profit making and tax exempted organization instituted as far back as 1966 by renounced engineers and artists.The engineers included the persons of Billy Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, while the artists, the persons of Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. Experiments in Art and Technology was pioneered from the experience of a popular work coroneted 9 Evenings house and Engineering. The notable event was of the 69th Regiment Armory in new York City, United State of America (October 1966). About 40 engineers and 10 popular artists symbiotic aloney worked t ogether to put up an engineered and equally artistic performances. With the works of E. A. T., artists and engineers relationships have received huge boost, thereby stimulating the willingness and participation of industries in artistic events. Companies cooperation through sponsorship is one of the achievements of E. A. T. There was fast expression of interest in the group over the space of time. Three years after the fount of Experiments in Art and Technology, the organization recorded over 4,200 memberships of diversified artists and engineers all around the United States of America, South America, Japan, Canada and every other interested industry all over the world.Through the process towards achieving the aim of E. A. T. , there was a local program within the group named the Technical Services Program. This program enhanced the effectual collaboration of artists working hand-in-hand with engineers on a specific assignment/project. This was made possible by a deliberate effor t at pinning able artists with appropriate engineers for synergic results. The program also assisted the collaborators in reaching out to industries and corporate-business communities in meeting the needs to accomplish outstanding project. Furthermore, E. A. T.commissioned inter-field projects and events which were anchored by artists involving the use of new technological woks. Some of the projects included the earlier mentioned 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering in 1966, Some More Beginning in 1968 the later happened to visage the start of expounding of art and technology. The exhibition was held at a museum in Brooklyn. Included in the list of the project was the artist-engineer collaborations to design and program the Pepsi pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. Picture showing First meeting of E. A. T. in November 1966 The Story of Experiments in Art and TechnologyWhen Andy Warhol was trying to create blow light bulbs, he asked Billy Kluver for his kind assistance. Kluver, who was an engineer working at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, rejected the plea but instead promised to vortex him a wrapper usually use to wrap sandwiches, the material is silvery. Warhol fashioned the material into a rectangular object called Mylar today. Injecting Helium into this Mylar created a floating funhouse mirrors in 1966. This example of collaboration between artists and scientists was a motivation to forming Experiments in Art and Technology (E. A. T. ).The artist-engineer collaboration in E. A. T. was formalized at the event of 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering, (Oct. 1966, in New York). The program exposed audience to state-of-the-art performances and music from about 50 artists and engineers. Technology electrified things in an appreciable ways, e. g. Dancers tripped light switches by moving their legs past photo-cells, and a tennis game was amplified through microphones in the rackets. The compliment received was overwhelming reflecting the need for engineers i n artistic works. E. A. T. was then complete in November, and by the early 70s it had already absorbed networks of over 6,000 members.Throughout the lifespan of E. A. T. , affiliated groups produced over 500 artworks most common was the body-oriented performance or supercharged minimalist sculpture. One of the most memorable projects commissioned was the Pepsi Pavilion of Expo 1970 Osaka. There, over 60 artists and engineers contributed to the interactive exhibits inside the futuristic dome The Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 Osaka with Fujiko Nakayas mist shroud Aims and objectives of E. A. T. The non profit making organization was vibrant primarily within the two decades of its institution in 1966 by Billy Kluver, Fred waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman.It was carved out of the need to mobilize the ingredients of arts, industry and science around collective projects, calling the participation from dissimilar disciplines. E. A. T. also aimed at encouraging the proficien t harmony towards the realization of new means of expressing arts using modern technological equipment such as computer-made images, sounds, video, (audiovisual), manufacturing materials and robotics. To start with, Experiments in Art and Technology brought artists and engineers together to enlighten the participants in order to accustom them with tele-writing and satellite transmission using telecommunication technology.In addition, E. A. T. aimed at giving the underdeveloped countries around an ease of Communication Bridge through certain project assignments. In pursuance of these goals, E. A. T. began opening annexes in the US, Canada and Japan. Other Projects Projects realized at the advent of interdisciplinary included The Anand Project of 1969, this project aided educational television whereby public spaces were linked together to facilitate interactions irrespective of the distance apart.Through this, several(predicate) countries all around the world can exchange disturbin g questions even about a common uncertainty. For example, Anand Dairy Cooperative in Baroda (India) Telex Q&A (1971), which linked public spaces in New York (U. S. ), Ahmadabad (India), Tokyo (Japan) and Stockholm (Sweden) by telex Still among the projects is the Children and Communication in 1972this particular project piloted the enabling of children within the suburb of New York City, to exchange conversation with telex, telephone and fax machine.Also, in El Salvador is a project to fashion out methods for storing culture and tradition in the region (1973). Collection of E. A. T. s Published Documents Detailing the activities of Experiments in Art and Technology in 1980 over 400 documents were stored in archive ranging from information bulletins, exhibition catalogues, periodicals, photocopies of press clippings, proposals, lectures, announcements newsletters reprints of major articles, among others. The archive was deposited at major libraries in New York, Moscow of Russia, Wash ington in U. S., Paris in France et cetera.The archive was aimed at monument the reflection of E. A. T. s wide geographical tentacle with technical and artistic diversity. Technical Service Program (1966-1973) Technical service program (TSP), founded as a subgroup in mid 60s, permits specialist in art and engineering to collaborate with the aim of meeting the artists technological needs without interruption in the team projected design and developmental stages. Highly technical projects were accomplished with this partnership.This collaboration was publicized when E. A. T. group came up with EAT News that announced projects at different stages of completion. Still, was the periodic public forum held on upcoming technologies such as lasers and holography. The TSP came to an end in 1973 Technical Information (1966) This program provided consulting services for artists. The service purvey included technical libraries for artists in New York and telephone assistance line operated by engineers from E. A. T. offices. The library collection features documented activities of EAT from 60s to 80s.More on 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering (1966-2005) These were series of events that catapulted performances of artists and engineers working in unison as an E. A. T. group. The performances broke down inter-relationship barrier. It went does Billy kluver and Robert Rauschenberg requested the working relation of 30-man engineer at Bell Laboratories, seeking their involvement in an inter-disciplinary project where avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies were blended together.The artists involved were John Cage, Lucinda Childs, Oyvind Fahlstrom, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor and Robert Whitman. These artists were paired with engineers to produce technical components on the podium used by the participants. It was indeed a break through adventure in the field of Art and technology. Billy Kluver, farther of Experim ents in Art and technologyReferencehttp//www. fondation-langlois. org/html/e/page. php? NumPage=306 The Man Who Made a Match of Technology and Art

What You Pawn I Will Redeem Response Paper

What You sop I leave Redeem (Response Paper) What You Pawn I Will Redeem by Sherman Alexie is the story of the mission of the humorous use of capital of Mississippi Jackson. Jackson Jackson is a footless Spokane Indian in search of money to purchase the regalia that was stolen from his grandm different about 50 years ago. He embarks on a journey to lift up 999 dollars, the amount of money the pawnbroker is willing to sell the regalia for. Throughout this journey, the humorous character of Jackson Jackson unravels to reveal a man of culture.Although Jackson has left Spokane to attend college in Seattle, his Indian culture mud an important part of him. He constantly speaks of his Indian beliefs, ways, and customs. In the opening sentence, Jackson immediately acknowledges that he is Indian and differentiates his race from hungry white folks (8). As the story progresses, he uses many other statements to distinguish his race he explains that Indians dont want to be meliorate, beca use only God is perfect (11). This distinctive Indian belief is used to prove that the regalia indeed belonged to his grandmother.Jacksons culture as well proves to play a substantial part in his decisions in regards to the money he needs for the regalia. Whenever he happens to gather a bit of money, it is always squandered almost immediately after, due to Jacksons over-abundant sense of generosity. After winning one hundred dollars from a lottery ticket, he gives a fifth part of it to Mary, the cashier in the Korean grocery store. At first, Mary refuses, scarce Jackson insists that it is, yet again, an Indian thing (18). His cultural sharing tendency also leads him to spend the remaining eighty dollars on whisky shots for everyone at the bar.One feces say that his decision was driven by alcoholism as well as ignorance, but the sense of family among those of his own race also impacted him when he decided that he and his cousins were going to be drinking eighty shots (18). Clearly , Jacksons Indian nationality not only distinguishes him from the white people of Seattle, but also makes a large impact on his actions and his decisions. Nevertheless, Jackson is not solely defined by his title of a Spokane Indian. Although his culture drives many of his actions, redemption also plays an important role in reservation up Jacksons character.At first glance, the succinct story is about a man endeavour to repurchase his grandmothers old regalia. However, if one looks deeper, the regalia may symbolize redemption, hence the name, What You Pawn I Will Redeem. Jacksons hidden objective is to bring his grandmother back to life, or at least fix some part of her. By redeeming a part of his grandmother, he is able to redeem a part of his home in India. Jacksons longing to redeem his home in India also contributes to the theme of a lack of a place to belong. Jackson can be considered homeless both physically and symbolically.Because he does not have the financial means to go forth shelter for himself, he is physically homeless. Jackson is also homeless symbolically, for he cannot find a home in society. He flunks out of his college, losing a place in the campus, and he ruins his attempts at marriage, losing his partner in life. In the beginning of the story, Jackson holds a place in the community of the homeless Indians, and he considers them his teammates, his defenders, his posse (9). However, he soon finds that one member of the group, Rose of Sharon, has left and hitchhiked back to Toppenship to live with her sister on the reservation.Later, he realizes that another member of his group, Junior, has also left and hitchhiked down to Portland, Oregon. When Jackson visits the Indian bar and befriends love Boy and Irene, he finds that at the end of the night, they too have disappeared. Finally, the Aleut cousins, also homeless Indians, disappear as well, said to have either drowned or disappeared north. Jacksons status of a loner in society is furt her solidified as one by one, his posse (9) disappears. In conclusion, Alexies short story illustrates a cultural character looking for redemption, as well as a home.

Listo system Essay

Introduction and BackgroundListo carcass is mavin of the leading graphic service agency with long history of success at early 1990s. In early 1090s, the company quickly grew into one of the top graphic service companies in the world Listo system VISION statement is To be recognized as a leader in supplying character reference graphic design yield and go to our customers and to be respected by our clients and staff.Listo Systems MISSION statement is We reach out to bring on superior graphic design products and services for our users through and through state-of-the-art technology, innovation, team engage going, and leadership. (Justanswer.com) DiagnosisDevelopment of e-commerce in modern competitive commercial world has reduced need of middleman, brokers, and distri exactlyor, which radic aloney throwd the traditional layer dispersal channel .The development of technological infrastructure epically ecommerce trading system not only shifted the authority from trafficker to buyer, but excessively gave consumers the ability to search for best timber, service, term, flexibility and innovation. This gave wide flexibility in consumer buy process. If customer were not pleased with companys product or service, they feel unacquainted(p) to switch brand to other(a) firm.Technologies have allowed Listo Systems to coffin nail character reference services and products faster and much efficiently. However, vernal technology has also been beneficial for Listo Systems competitors. The competition has grown fulfilingly in number and in the quality of services and products that they provide. The increase in technology has also led to an increase in customer asks and expectations. Customers necessitate services and products however Listos Management was little concerned with the opinions and was more focused on fruit and profit.Instead of enlisting employees opinions, more directive orders were given. Listo hired a number of new takers and employees and due to drop of training and increased complexity associated with adding new layers to the hierarchy resulted in the organizations terminals and objectives becoming unclear. digest and evaluation analysis and evaluation can be done using two theories.PEST AnalysisPolitical During 1990 various countries were implementing Trade liberalization, and perfect competition grocery for globalization where Listo also felt its bushel both negatively and positively Economic Europe and rest of the world felt the clash of regime policies concerning taxation, labor union, cyber regulation, ex revision rate policies . Social Huge social change due to change in technology like cyberspace media, was felt by listo system.Consumer bearing and opinion, consumer buying pattern , fashion and parting model, were serious matter to focus during 1990 which hit listo hard enough to panic. Technological Competing Technology development, could be handled through research establish strategy, research based funding for re come onment and solution of technology , information and communication, and consumer buying mechanism vs technology did not repel full attention. Recommendation1. Listo should have to implement Research based funding for com lay outing technological change should be implemented 2. Proper management strategy should be implemented to cope globalization and political change. 3. The expectancy theory should be implemented to prod the employee provide them the assurance effort will lead to acceptable execution of instrument (expectancy), Performance will be rewarded (instrumentality), andThe prise of the rewards is highly positive (valence). (Herzberg, 1968)How has Listo Systems felt the impact of power shifting from the seller to the buyer? According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, a professor at Harvard Business School, The major challenge management faces today is living in a world of turbulence and uncertainty where new competitors arrive on the scene daily and co mpetitive conditions change. We can no longer count on a stable world that is unchanging and unvarying and manage accordingly.This statement implies in the case of Listo System and its overall performance in a competitive market. Regarding its history, Listo was actually a lot concerned about its employees unavoidably and their participation in stopping point making of the company. To scarper in a world shaped by globalization and information revolution, the company focused more on the advancement of technologies and improvement in productivity. moreover the employees were taken as a secondaryimportance.They were not provided with proper training of new technology and their views on decision making process were dropd. The significant changes in information flow, created people issues and called out the need for mass training in the organization. The company started giving wildness to the advancement and was more concentrated on production and profit. Due to the lack of pro per training, the employees became less motivated. For a breach and effective performance, it is necessary for an organization to ascertain the doings and ineluctably of the employees. Satisfaction of the take leads the employees to work more efficiently and effectively.A positive milieu should be provided to make them more productive. But Listo ignored the requirement of the employees. And, the employees could not resist the rapid change in the organization. Moreover, new layers of supervisors and employees were added which slowed the pace of decision making. All these changes resulted in lack of employees motivation, lack of clearness of object and a shift of power from seller to the buyer. The demotivation of employees and lack of clearness of the goal in the agency resulted in low quality production. As a result, the company could not cope with the growing and changing need of the customer and started losing them gradually.According to Michael Hammer, customers necessity more products from less money, more quality and service and more flexibility and convenience and more innovation. bit the organization had been expanding in size and competence level, productivity was affected and quality decreased. It was truly difficult to set up the needs and asks of powerful customers who have the ability to search for best service, quality, technology, innovation, etc. Due to the fast internet technology, customers have become aw be of the new quality products with cheaper price and their expectancy level has become higher. They want more products in fewer prices and within a limited time.Directing, changing and influencing behavior of much(prenominal) customers is significant for the checkability. The company must provide real value to them either by offering powerful products and services or lowering the cost or by creating new technologies that is more efficient. Listo ignored the issues of consumer behavior as well as employees behavior. Ultimately, the power shifted from the seller to the buyer of the products and services. Customers were aw be of the substitute products and services that are quality product at lower price which resulted as benefit to the competitorsof the company.As seller whitethorn raise the market price by withholding supply, the buyers may be able to reduce the market price by withholding the demand. To gather the attraction of such a huge market with all the companionship and information, Listo had to strive hard. It should have focused more on customers behavior and their needs along with the employees happiness at work. There was no other option for the agency but to match the changing and growing need of powerful customers. The management needed to make new strategies to sustain in the changing market.The power shifting from the seller to the buyer had a big impact on the overall performance of the company. Due to this change of power, now the supply of the products and services depend on the exp iation of the customers need and wants. It was now up to those large numbers of buyers to evaluate the products and make group changes in the supply. Thus, the power shifting from seller to the buyer was an unexpected ill luck and gradual decrease in the demand of products and services of Listo Systems.What foreign environmental factors are affecting Listo Systems? An environmental factor plays a important role in the development of any organization. There are two types of environmental factors that affect the performance of a company (i.e. home(a) and external).Internal factors of environment refers to events, factors, people, system and conditions inside the organization that are controllable by the company.Whereas, the external factors of environment are those that occur outside the organization but causes the changes inside and are many a(prenominal) times uncontrollable by the management of the organization. Based on Achieve Model, the external factors are the environment that can influence the performance an individual even if he/she has all the ability needed to the seam. Listo Systems was also affected by both the internal as well as external factors in the environment.The internal factors included the goal of the organization, companys rules and regulations along with its aim, organizational culture, and the employees operative in the agency. Change in the internal factors of Listo had a undischarged impact on its performance. Similarly, the external factors like customers, competitors, technology, suppliers, the economy, resources, and the regulatory system had a significant influence on its operation, growth, and long term sustainability. As per the information provided in thewebsites, Listo being more focused on new technology was losing its employees motivation.As a result, the productivity was low and the quality was below the expectation of the economy, the customers, the suppliers, etc. Customers want quality product at cheaper price a nd if they dont get it, they walk away for a substitute product that dissimilar competitors of the organization provide at lower price. The resembling thing happens in the case of Listo systems. The customers were taken away by the competitors because of the quality product at a cheaper price. The competitors were aware of the consumers behavior and expectancy.But, Listo had ignored the consumers behavior along with the other human behavior. It is very essential for an organization to actualize the human behavior because it has to deal with human with different understanding, thoughts, needs, values and priorities. Even though the external factors are outside the company, it is important to monitor and conciliate the external environment in a continuous manner. Since, Listo didnt have a continuous monitoring on external environment, it lost its control oven those factors and it was very difficult for the agency to sustain in the market.It could not adapt the changing and varying environment as well as needs of the customers who play a decisive role in the success of a company. Customers being dissatisfied with its products and services chose to move on to the substitutes provided by the competitors. And, the competitors having a good understanding of the human behavior made changes with their products to attract the customers of Listo. They were aware that if they provide a quality product at that moment they can win those customers which made Listo to lose its customers and made the demand low.Advancement in technology needs proper training which was not provided by the agency to its employees and gum olibanum at that place was lack of motivation resulting in low productivity. Thus, the suppliers of the temporals and resources of the company were not willing to work with Listo systems because of its failure in the market. These external factors affected the overall environment of the graphic design company and changing its great success in the world to failure ultimately. CHAPTER- 2 COGNITIVE DISSONANCEIntroductionCognitive noise deals with the relationship between ones self-perception and their environment. Leon Festinger analyze that when twoperceptions relevant to each other are in conflict, it creates the situation of dissonance. Diagnosis / AnalysisAlderfers ERG theory states that there are three inwardness needs to motivate people growth, relatedness and existence. Jackie had been looking for a large organization where she could develop her long-term vocation goals. Her positive attitude towards cycle was influenced by her observations and experiences that she had during her school life. There she tracked what happened to all the paper entrap in the ice-skating rink pail in each classroom. RecommendationThere are many such employers who understand the employees behavior and adapt themselves to make them influence for a better performance and prophesy the future tense behavior of employees. So, there can be other opt ions and opportunities for the job for Jackie. Because if she stays with Dorf, she might get forbid if she cant ignore the companys pickaxe to recycle and later on get disappointed and it will be harmful to both the company and Jackie herself.1. Discuss Jackies plight in terms of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance deals with the relationship between ones self-perception and their environment. Leon Festinger analyzed that when two perceptions relevant to each other are in conflict, it creates the situation of dissonance. Jackie Hartnett, an individual with a high technical skills and a strong passion for the well-being for the environment, got job at Dorf Car Factory.Since, she was very much interested and concerned about the well-being of the environment she could satisfy her job of reducing the harmful effects of wastes and garbage coming from factories by the means of cycle in an effective way and could give an dandy performance. She had a very positive attitude and behavior towards her job as well as the boss, Charlie Damon. A positive behavior and attitude at his/her job helps a person to achieve the desired goal and satisfaction of physiological, social, safety, esteem and self-actualization needs.Alderfers ERG theory states that there are three core needs to motivate people growth, relatedness and existence. (Managementstudyguide.com) Jackie had beenlooking for a large organization where she could develop her long-term career goals. Her positive attitude towards cycle was influenced by her observations and experiences that she had during her school life.There she tracked what happened to all the paper put in the trash pail in each classroom. Jackie implemented a school- wide recycle program where she could apply her discipline and experiences to make the environment free from the harmful elements. In this program, all the waste or papers were put in a separate trash pail and sent to a recycling factory to change it in reusable consumer go ods.Her boss was finding her very attentive and efficient at work. She was experiencing a job satisfaction which matched her expectancy. Job satisfaction is achieved when needs of an individual is fulfilled. Both attitude and job satisfaction are interrelated. If Jackie had a negative attitude towards her job, she would have never been satisfied. Her needs were satisfied as well. But sometimes needs are blocked in the attempt to obtain a goal. Frustration occurs when the goal progress is blocked. Whereas, aggression comes with an aggressive and unfriendly behavior.Rationalization is a situation when a person makes excuses for his/her failure to accomplish a goal and regression is a tendency to react. Moreover, fixation means repeating the same behavior as per Maier. And, resignation relates to a situation when an individual gives up to the situation or move on after a prolonged thwarting. All these situations come under cognitive dissonance.2. How could this new information on Do rfs actual recycling program affect Jackies perception of the company she works for? What impact could this have on her overall performance? Are her ad hominem values around recycling strong enough to determine who she works for? Being experienced for a year in the job of recycling Drofs performance had improved day by day. At the same time, she came to know about the facts of the recycling program and she then uncovered the actual information showing that several factory shipments of waste material being sold to another company.She made some quick research and came to the point that those other companies didnt properly dispose the waste products in a hygienic way. The waste products and materials were not disposed in the right way to keep the environment free from the harmful effects of it. And, when she approached her boss, Charlie,with the facts and information regarding the waste materials recycling, she was taken aback. She was informed about the costs associated with the appr oaches to greener.She was dissatisfied with the reply and was disheartened in a way that she started cerebration about her personal values which must match with ones job. Her personal value towards recycling doesnt allow her to stay in the same job anymore a kind of frustration was created in her attitude as well as behavior. The actual recycling programs changed her attitude and lead her to cognitive dissonance where two perception of her own were moving in her mind.She was in a dilemma whether she should set off the job and break the commitment she had made with the company or she should continue her job instead of intentional the fact of it. But she had to decide and choose between her own perceptions which were a very difficult situation. Her personal values were strong because they were created as an attitude from school life environment. Its very difficult to change such a strong and positive attitude which is built in years. It could determine what she was actually working for, whether for her personal values or for the achievement of goal.3. Do you think Jackie should ignore the companys pick to recycle or not and just keep doing her job? Is she willing to walk away from a good paying job with benefits? Are there other employers who are likely to be more open to recycling programs, and should she pursue opportunities with those companies? The recycling program of Dorf Car Factory created a psychological vexation in Jackie and she was bound to change her perception to reduce the tension by ignoring the companys choice to recycle. Cognitive dissonance in her changed her attitude and also affected her performance. Her goal wont be achieved if she quits from the job.Her needs will be blocked which will lead her to an irrational behavior in a continuous manner. If she is not satisfied at her work place, the environment where she works, she cant satisfy her job as well as the boss. She will be frustrated and the frustration will develop to the extent th at will occur an aggressive behavior. Later on this aggression will take place of rationalization, fixation and resignation if continued for a long period of time.In that situation, she cant ignore the Dorfs choice whether to recycle or not because her inner perception and values are very different than her job requirement. But an employee should never ignore the fact that an organizations achievement of goal is also the responsibility of theemployee working there.Their performance and activity can improve or hinder the overall performance and play a crucial role in attainment of the organizational goal. At the same time, job satisfaction motivates one to work better and increase the productivity. hotshot cant work in a negative environment where employees satisfaction is not given any priority. Firstly, she should understand her need. Then, she should taste to handle the situation and make herself comfortable with the job and focus on her work and try to change her attitude towar ds the recycling programs.If her attitude is changed positively, she wont have any problem at her job at Dorf. Secondly, Jackie should try to find out a job that matches her satisfaction, competence, values and perceptions. And, she should have the broader knowledge of the companies and should also find out whether shell get the same type of job environment and employers or there are many more opportunities in the market where she can fit herself and get job satisfaction which wont hamper her values and ethics. In my opinion, our values and attitude brings a sense of authorization and responsibility in us.So, Jackie should stay with her own values and move on for a job that satisfies her motives and needs rather than hanging on for a better payment. There are many such employers who understand the employees behavior and adapt themselves to make them influence for a better performance and predict the future behavior of employees.So, there can be other options and opportunities for t he job for Jackie. Because if she stays with Dorf, she might get frustrated if she cant ignore the companys choice to recycle and later on get disappointed and it will be harmful to both the company and Jackie herself. Definitely, she should pursue to the opportunities of recycling programs with other companies for her better development and achievement of her own goal and should walk away from the Dorf Car Factory where she cant get a job satisfaction and motivation.BibliographyF, H. (1968). One more time How do you motivate employees? Harvard. Herzberg. (1968). One more time How do you motivate employees? Harvard . Justanswer.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.justanswer.com http//www.justanswer.com/homework/5gcht-case-study-listo-systems-challenge-growing-organization-listo.html Managementstudyguide.com. (n.d.). Retrieved